DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is DNA located in prokaryotes?

A
  • Cytoplasm
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2
Q

Properties of Prokaryotic DNA

A
  • Short

- Circular

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3
Q

What is supercoiling?

A
  • When chromosome coil around themselves

- Condenses circular chromosomes so they fit inside the cell

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4
Q

Properties of Eukaryotic DNA

A
  • Long

- Linear

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5
Q

Where is DNA in eukaryotes located?

A
  • Nucleus
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6
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A
  • The theory that bacterial cells were engulfed by a larger cell during evolution
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7
Q

Bases found in DNA

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
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8
Q

What is a gene?

A
  • Sequence of DNA bases that codes for a protein
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9
Q

What is a locus?

A
  • Fixed, specific location of a gene in DNA
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10
Q

What are exons?

A
  • Coding regions in a gene
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11
Q

What are introns?

A
  • Non-coding regions in a gene
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12
Q

Name features of genetic code

A
  • Degenerate
  • Non-overlapping
  • Universal
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13
Q

What is a genome?

A
  • Complete set of genes in an individual’s DNA
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14
Q

What is the proteome?

A
  • Full range of proteins an individual can produce
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15
Q

Steps of transcription

A
  • RNA polymerase binds to the loci of the gene
  • This breaks the hydrogen bonds, so strands separate creating a template strand
  • RNA polymerase binds free nucleotides to template strand, forming a complementary mRNA strand
  • Phosphodiester bonds form between nucleotides in a condensation reaction
  • Repeats until it reaches a stop codon
  • mRNA leaves the nucleus
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16
Q

Steps of translation

A
  • mRNA binds to ribosome in cytoplasm
  • 1 tRNA molecule binds to the first codon which has a complementary anticodon
  • Each tRNA molecule carries an amino acid which binds to the corresponding amino acid in a condensation reaction by a peptide bond
  • Process repeats until it reaches stop codon
  • Polypeptide chain is released from the ribosome
17
Q

What is splicing?

A
  • Process that removes sections of non-coding DNA from a mRNA molecule
18
Q

Why does splicing only take place in eukaryotes?

A
  • Eukaryotic mRNA contains introns whereas prokaryotic mRNA does not
19
Q

Function of RNA polymerase in prokaryotes

A
  • To catalyse every step of transcription
20
Q

Function of RNA polymerase in eukaryotes

A
  • To produce the mRNA strand only