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Biology - Photosynthesis > DNA + RNA > Flashcards

DNA + RNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Dna molecules contains

A

Genes

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2
Q

A gene is a segment of DNA that makes instructions for making

A

Protein/polypeptide

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3
Q

An allele are

A

Two versions of a gene

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4
Q

A cell needs many different types of proteins to function
Enzymes
Transport proteins

A

Enzymes carry out chemical reactions to sustain life

Transport proteins move ions and molecules across the cell membrane

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5
Q

Genes influence an organism’s characteristics by determining the

A

protein made

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6
Q

Early in the 1900s, people didn’t know if the basis for molecules was

A

Protein or dna

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7
Q

Frederick Griffith

A

killed pathogens and mixed harmless bacteria with their corpses, and some of the bacteria became pathogens

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8
Q

Hershey and Chase

A

found that viruses inject their DNA into cells to reproduce (nucleotides??)

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9
Q

Nucleotides are

A

Nitrogenous base
Five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
Phosphate group

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10
Q

Nucleotides are joined together by a

A

sugar-phosphate backbone

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11
Q

There are four nitrogen-containing bases

A

Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)

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12
Q

DNA and RNA are

A

polymers of nucleotides

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13
Q

Purines have a double ring structure

A

Adenine, Guanine

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14
Q

Pyrimidines have a single ring structure

A

Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine

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15
Q

DNA abbrev

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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16
Q

RNA abbrev

A

ribonucleic acid

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17
Q

RNA

A

Ribose
Uracil (U)
Single stranded
Copies genetic code for protein

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18
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribose
Thymine (T)
Double stranded
Is genetic code for protein

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19
Q

Watson and Crick were the first to figure out the structure of DNA

A

two polynucleotide strands wrapped around each other in a double helix

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20
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

holds the strands together

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21
Q

Each base has a complementary partner

A

Adenine and Thymine
Guanine and Cytosine

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22
Q

The genetic information in a chromosome is enclosed in

A

the nucleotide sequence in DNA

23
Q

Enzymes use the stands to make new nucleotides

A

Nucleotides

24
Q

DNA replication follows a semiconservative model

A

one old strand of DNA and one new strand

25
Q

Meselson and Stahl researched

A

Dna replication

26
Q

Steps of dna replication

A

Helicase splits DNA strands into two different pieces
Primase makes RNA strands called primers
DNA polymerase binds to the primer and make new DNA
DNA polymerase can only make DNA in one direction (5 prime to 3 prime), which is called the leading strand
The other strand, called the lagging strand, has to be filled in with fragments, called Okazaki fragments
DNA ligase binds the Okazaki fragments
Exonuclease removes the RNA primers and is filled in with DNA

27
Q

DNA polymerase can only add to the 3 prime end because it has a

A

hydroxyl for dehydration reaction

28
Q

Leading strand

Lagging strand

A

5’ to 3’
3’ to 5’

29
Q

Transcription process

A

Hydrogen bonds between the bases of the DNA helix are broken by DNA helicase
RNA nucleotides line up and RNA polymerase joins them along one strand of DNA
The promoter signals the start and acts as a binding site for RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase adds RNA nucleotides until it reaches the terminator, which signals the end of the gene

30
Q

RNA that encodes amino acid sequence is called

A

messenger RNA (mRNA) because it tells genetic messages from DNA to the translation machinery of the cell

31
Q

Before leaving the nucleus as mRNA

A

eukaryotic transcripts undergo RNA splicing:

32
Q

RNA splicing

A

Introns (non-coding segments of RNA) are spliced out
Exons (coding segments of RNA) are spliced together, and a 5’ cap and a poly A tail are added to the ends of the mRNA

33
Q

The sequence of nucleotides in DNA provides a code for

A

Constructing a protein

34
Q

Translation requires nucleotide sequence to turn to

A

amino acid sequence

35
Q

DNA->Transcription->mRNA->Translation->Polypeptide

A

Got it?

36
Q

The genetic instructions for the amino acid sequence is written in DNA and RNA called

A

Codon

37
Q

Codons are a series of

A

nonoverlapping three-base “words”

38
Q

The genetic code is a set of rules that translates mRNA to

A

amino acids/polypeptides

39
Q

Ribosomes attach to mRNA and translates the message to polypeptides, aided by

A

transfer RNAs (tRNA)

40
Q

tRNA is a folded molecule with a base triplet called.. on one end and an.. on the other

A

Anticodons ; amino acid attachment site

41
Q

Ribosomes are made of

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins

42
Q

Ribosomes have binding sites for

A

tRNA and mRNA

43
Q

Translation has three phases

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

44
Q

Initiation

A

An mRNA, a tRNA with methionine, and two subunits of a ribosome meet
The initiator tRNA binds them all to the P site, where the start codon AUG is located

45
Q

Elongation+Termination

A

As the mRNA moves the codons, a tRNA with a complementary anticodon pairs with the codons, adding its amino acids to the polypeptide chain
The tRNA is then translocated from the P site to the E site
Elongation continues until a stop codon reaches the A site and calls for termination

46
Q

Mutations are changes in the
.. for….

A

Genetic material ; cells or viruses

47
Q

Point mutations are … in …

A

Chemical changes ; one nucleotide pair of genes

48
Q

A change in a single nucleotide can cause

A

abnormal proteins

49
Q

If a point mutation occurs in a gamete (reproductive cell), it may be transmitted to

A

To offspring

50
Q

Point mutation

A

Single nucleotide-pair substitution
Nucleotide-pair insertion or deletion

51
Q

Nucleotide-pair substitution

A

Replaces one pair of nucleotide and its partner with another pair

52
Q

Silent mutation

A

The codons change, but they still code for the same amino acid, making it redundant

53
Q

Missense mutation

A

The codons still code for an amino acid, just not the right one
Substitution mutations are usually missense mutations

54
Q
A

Biology - Photosynthesis (3 decks)

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