DNA replication/transcript/etc

Question 1

In what ways is transcription similar to DNA replication? And different?

Answer 1

Similarities:

1. “start” site
2. 5’->3’ direction
3. DNA template

Differences:

1. “stop” site
2. No primer
3. No editing

Question 2

During transcription, what is another name for the template strand?

Answer 2

Antisense strand

is complementary to the new mRNA

Question 3

During transcription, what is another name for the coding strand?

Answer 3

Sense strand. This is identical to the new mRNA except for U instead of T.

Question 4

What can adenine turn into on tRNA?

Answer 4

Inosine

Question 5

What bases can inosine bind to?

Answer 5

A, U, or C

Question 6

Wobble base pairing occurs when you have a _____ at the 3rd position

Answer 6

G, U, or I

Question 7

Prokaryotic ribosome = ?

Answer 7

50s + 30s = 70s

Question 8

Eukaryotic ribosome = ?

Answer 8

60s + 40s = 80s

Question 9

How many ATP are needed to translate x # of amino acids?

Answer 9

of amino acids x 4 = # of ATP needed

Question 10

What mnemonic can you use to remember the DNA/protein/RNA assays?

Answer 10

S outhern D NA
N orthern R NA
O O
W estern P rotein

Question 11

What is a complex transposon?

Answer 11

IS element + one or more genes

Question 12

What is a composite transposon?

Answer 12

2 IS elements and an intervening sequence.

Question 13

What does +RNA mean?

Answer 13

mRNA (for viruses)

Question 14

In what phase(s) of meiosis does non-disjunction occur?

Answer 14

Anaphase I and II

Question 15

During meiosis, _________separate during meiosis I, and __________ (identical copies, except for recombination) separate during meiosis II

Answer 15

homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis I and sister chromatids separate during meiosis II

Question 16

What is genetic drift?

Answer 16

Random change over time in the allele frequency within a population

Question 17

What is a prezygotic barrier to hybridization?

Answer 17

Prevent the formation of a zygote

Question 18

What is a postzygotic barrier to hybridization?

Answer 18

When a zygote forms and develops into a functional organism but is incapable of reproduction

Question 19

Most of the voltage-gated sodium channels are concentrated where on the dendrite?

Answer 19

Axon hillock

Question 20

What do Schwann cells do?

Answer 20

Generate myelin sheath

Question 21

What is the resting membrane potential of cells?

Answer 21

-70mV

Question 22

What maintains the resting potential?

Answer 22

Na/K ATPase

(3 Na out, 2 K in) generates a negative internal charge

Question 23

What is “threshold potential” and what happens when the cell reaches it?

Answer 23

Threshold potential is ~-50mV. When it is reached, voltage-gated Na channels open. (Na rushes in and the cell depolarizes).

Question 24

How does the cell repolarize during an AP?

Answer 24

Na channels close and K channels open (K moves out of the cell)

Question 25

How are neurotransmitters released at the end of an axon?

Answer 25

Voltage-gated Ca channels open, releasing the brakes on neuro-transmitter filled vesicles, allowing the vesicles to fuse with the membrane and dump the contents into the synaptic cleft.

Question 26

What is an EPSP?

Answer 26

A mini-depolarization that does not reach threshold--ultimately has no effect.

Question 27

What is spatial summation?

Answer 27

Summation of excitatory and inhibitory signals on a neuron

Question 28

What is temporal summation?

Answer 28

Summation of an excitatory/inhibitory signal over some time period. The most frequently firing neuron will be "heard the most loudly."

Question 29

What does the medulla do?

Answer 29

Basic vital functions | Special respiratory and digestive functions

Question 30

What does the pons do?

Answer 30

Balance | Facial movement

Question 31

What does the spinal cord do?

Answer 31

Primitive reflexes

Question 32

What does the cerebellum do?

Answer 32

Smooth and coordinate body movement

Question 33

What does the midbrain do?

Answer 33

Visual and auditory startle reflexes

Question 34

What does the limbic system do?

Answer 34

Emotion

Question 35

What is the diencephalon?

Answer 35

Contains epithalamus thalamus hypothalamus

Question 36

What does the epithalamus do?

Answer 36

Contains the pineal gland--secretes melatonin

Question 37

What does the white matter contain? What does it do?

Answer 37

Myelinated axons | Cell-cell comunication

Question 38

What is grey matter? What does it do?

Answer 38

Unmyelinated dendrites and somas. | Integration, decision-making

Question 39

What do the frontal lobes do/control?

Answer 39

Voluntary movements | Problem-solving

Question 40

What does the parietal lobe do?

Answer 40

General sensation - touch, taste, etc.

Question 41

What does the temporal lobe do?

Answer 41

Hearing Smell Memories

Question 42

What neurotransmitter does the somatic nervous system use?

Answer 42

Acetylcholine

Question 43

What neurotransmitters does the autonomic nervous system use?

Answer 43

Norepinephrine (Sympathetic) | Acetylcholine (Parasympathetic)

Question 44

What is unique about the default/resting state of rod and cone cells?

Answer 44

Na channels are OPEN, and thus they sit in a resting depolarized state.

Question 45

How does light affect the vision cells?

Answer 45

Light causes release of an inhibitory neurotransmitter inhibiting the bipolar neuron, and allowing signal to brain.

Question 46

What is another name for the ear drum?

Answer 46

Tympanic membrane

Question 47

What are the three bones of the inner ear?

Answer 47

Malleus -> incus -> stapes

Question 48

What connects the bones of the ear to the cochlea?

Answer 48

The oval window

Question 49

Waves in the _______ and __________ in the ________ cause the ___________ to vibrate.

Answer 49

Waves in the endolymph and perilymph in the cochlea cause the basilar membrane to vibrate

Question 50

Where do the hair cells exist?

Answer 50

Above the basilar membrane and below the tectorial membrane. Vibration of the basilar membrane drags hair cells across the tectorial membrane causing them to bend.

Question 51

What are the 4 components of the vestibular complex?

Answer 51

1. Semicircular canals (rotational balance) 2. Saccule 3. Utricle 4. Ampulla 2-4 = static balance