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MCAT - Bio/Biochem > DNA replication/transcript/etc > Flashcards

DNA replication/transcript/etc Flashcards

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1
Q

In what ways is transcription similar to DNA replication? And different?

A

Similarities:

  1. “start” site
  2. 5’->3’ direction
  3. DNA template

Differences:

  1. “stop” site
  2. No primer
  3. No editing
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2
Q

During transcription, what is another name for the template strand?

A

Antisense strand

is complementary to the new mRNA

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3
Q

During transcription, what is another name for the coding strand?

A

Sense strand. This is identical to the new mRNA except for U instead of T.

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4
Q

What can adenine turn into on tRNA?

A

Inosine

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5
Q

What bases can inosine bind to?

A

A, U, or C

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6
Q

Wobble base pairing occurs when you have a _____ at the 3rd position

A

G, U, or I

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7
Q

Prokaryotic ribosome = ?

A

50s + 30s = 70s

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8
Q

Eukaryotic ribosome = ?

A

60s + 40s = 80s

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9
Q

How many ATP are needed to translate x # of amino acids?

A

of amino acids x 4 = # of ATP needed

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10
Q

What mnemonic can you use to remember the DNA/protein/RNA assays?

A

S outhern D NA
N orthern R NA
O O
W estern P rotein

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11
Q

What is a complex transposon?

A

IS element + one or more genes

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12
Q

What is a composite transposon?

A

2 IS elements and an intervening sequence.

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13
Q

What does +RNA mean?

A

mRNA (for viruses)

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14
Q

In what phase(s) of meiosis does non-disjunction occur?

A

Anaphase I and II

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15
Q

During meiosis, _________separate during meiosis I, and __________ (identical copies, except for recombination) separate during meiosis II

A

homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis I and sister chromatids separate during meiosis II

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16
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Random change over time in the allele frequency within a population

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17
Q

What is a prezygotic barrier to hybridization?

A

Prevent the formation of a zygote

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18
Q

What is a postzygotic barrier to hybridization?

A

When a zygote forms and develops into a functional organism but is incapable of reproduction

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19
Q

Most of the voltage-gated sodium channels are concentrated where on the dendrite?

A

Axon hillock

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20
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

Generate myelin sheath

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21
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of cells?

A

-70mV

22
Q

What maintains the resting potential?

A

Na/K ATPase

(3 Na out, 2 K in) generates a negative internal charge

23
Q

What is “threshold potential” and what happens when the cell reaches it?

A

Threshold potential is ~-50mV. When it is reached, voltage-gated Na channels open. (Na rushes in and the cell depolarizes).

24
Q

How does the cell repolarize during an AP?

A

Na channels close and K channels open (K moves out of the cell)

25
Q

How are neurotransmitters released at the end of an axon?

A

Voltage-gated Ca channels open, releasing the brakes on neuro-transmitter filled vesicles, allowing the vesicles to fuse with the membrane and dump the contents into the synaptic cleft.

26
Q

What is an EPSP?

A

A mini-depolarization that does not reach threshold–ultimately has no effect.

27
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

Summation of excitatory and inhibitory signals on a neuron

28
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

Summation of an excitatory/inhibitory signal over some time period. The most frequently firing neuron will be “heard the most loudly.”

29
Q

What does the medulla do?

A

Basic vital functions

Special respiratory and digestive functions

30
Q

What does the pons do?

A

Balance

Facial movement

31
Q

What does the spinal cord do?

A

Primitive reflexes

32
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Smooth and coordinate body movement

33
Q

What does the midbrain do?

A

Visual and auditory startle reflexes

34
Q

What does the limbic system do?

A

Emotion

35
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

Contains

epithalamus
thalamus
hypothalamus

36
Q

What does the epithalamus do?

A

Contains the pineal gland–secretes melatonin

37
Q

What does the white matter contain? What does it do?

A

Myelinated axons

Cell-cell comunication

38
Q

What is grey matter? What does it do?

A

Unmyelinated dendrites and somas.

Integration, decision-making

39
Q

What do the frontal lobes do/control?

A

Voluntary movements

Problem-solving

40
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

General sensation - touch, taste, etc.

41
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?

A

Hearing
Smell
Memories

42
Q

What neurotransmitter does the somatic nervous system use?

A

Acetylcholine

43
Q

What neurotransmitters does the autonomic nervous system use?

A

Norepinephrine (Sympathetic)

Acetylcholine (Parasympathetic)

44
Q

What is unique about the default/resting state of rod and cone cells?

A

Na channels are OPEN, and thus they sit in a resting depolarized state.

45
Q

How does light affect the vision cells?

A

Light causes release of an inhibitory neurotransmitter inhibiting the bipolar neuron, and allowing signal to brain.

46
Q

What is another name for the ear drum?

A

Tympanic membrane

47
Q

What are the three bones of the inner ear?

A

Malleus -> incus -> stapes

48
Q

What connects the bones of the ear to the cochlea?

A

The oval window

49
Q

Waves in the _______ and __________ in the ________ cause the ___________ to vibrate.

A

Waves in the endolymph and perilymph in the cochlea cause the basilar membrane to vibrate

50
Q

Where do the hair cells exist?

A

Above the basilar membrane and below the tectorial membrane. Vibration of the basilar membrane drags hair cells across the tectorial membrane causing them to bend.

51
Q

What are the 4 components of the vestibular complex?

A
  1. Semicircular canals (rotational balance)
  2. Saccule
  3. Utricle
  4. Ampulla

2-4 = static balance

MCAT - Bio/Biochem (9 decks)

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