Bacteria

Question 1

What shape is E. Coli?

Answer 1

Bacillus

Question 2

What is the term for flagella used in naming bacteria?

Answer 2

Trichous

Question 3

What is the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella?

Answer 3

x

Question 4

What piece anchors the flagella in the membrane? What does it do?

Answer 4

The basal unit

Generates a proton gradient between the membrane and the periplasmic space to cause rotation

Question 5

What is the whip like portion of the flagella called?

Answer 5

The filament

Question 6

What is the bacterial cell wall made of?

Answer 6

Peptidoglycan

Question 7

What makes a bacteria gram +? What color does it stain?

Answer 7

Thick peptidogylcan layer which stains dark purple

Question 8

What makes a bacteria gram -? What color does it stain?

Answer 8

Additional outer membrane outside of a thinner peptidoglycan layer. Thus they stain poorly–a light pink.

Question 9

What is a mesophile?

Answer 9

A bacteria that likes middle temperatures, non-extreme

Question 10

What is a thermophile?

Answer 10

Bacteria that loves very hot temps

Question 11

What is a psychrophile?

Answer 11

Bacteria that loves cold temps

Question 12

What is an obligate aerobe?

Answer 12

Cannot survive in the absence of oxygen

Question 13

What is a facultative anaerobe?

Answer 13

Can use oxygen OR do fermentation, quite likes oxygen actually

Question 14

What is a tolerant anaerobe?

Answer 14

An anaerobe that is not killed by oxygen, but cannot use oxygen to survive. Instead ferments

Question 15

What is an obligate anaerobe?

Answer 15

Dies in the presence of oxygen

Question 16

What does auxotroph mean?

Answer 16

“Can’t do or make something” or if its a sugar, cant metabolize that sugar

Question 17

What is the growth cycle via binary fission?

Answer 17

Lag -> Log -> stationary -> death

Does not increase genetic diversity, but can greatly increase colony size

Question 18

What is an F+ bacterium?

Answer 18

A bacterium that contains an (F) plasmid. Considered a “male” bacterium

Question 19

What is an F- bacterium?

Answer 19

A bacterium lacking a plasmid. Considered a “female” bacterium

Question 20

How does bacterial conjugation occur?

Answer 20

A conjugation bridge, aka a “sex pilus” connects an F+ bacterium and an F- bacterium. The plasmid is replicated in the male and a copy is sent via the bridge to the female.

The female cell now has more genetic diversity

Question 21

What things should you know about fungi?

Answer 21

1. Eukaryotes (think yeast!)
2. Cell wall is chitin
3. Reproduce via vegetation, asexual spores, or sexual spores
4. Adults are haploid
5. Hierarchy = hyphae -> mycelium -> thallus

Thallus is the largest, visible fungus e.g. hunk of bread mold

Question 22

Although most proteins start AND finish translation in the cytoplasm, what are the 4 types that finish in the rough ER?

Answer 22

1. Secreted protein
2. Transmembrane proteins
3. Lysosomal proteins
4. ER/Golgi resident proteins

Question 23

How do proteins that finish translation in the ER (e.g. secreted proteins and membrane bound proteins) know how to

Answer 23

Secreted protein:

A signal sequence is translated in the first few amino acids.
*note, the signal is actually removed at the end of translation).

Membrane bound:

A signal can be ANYWHERE in the amino acid sequence and is not removed during translation.

Question 24

Where do the signal sequences of transmembrane proteins end up?

Answer 24

In the hydrophobic/nonpolar part of the PM (the tails)

Question 25

Can proteins flip in the PM?

Answer 25

No!

Question 26

What is the Vant Hoff factor?

Answer 26

The number of ions a molecule splits into. e.g. NaCl would be 2 CaCl2 would be 3

Question 27

What are colligative properties?

Answer 27

Properties that depend on the NUMBER of solute particles (Vant Hoff factor) but NOT their identity. Properties affected: 1. Freezing point depression 2. Vapor point depression 3. Boiling point elevation 4. Osmotic pressure increase

Question 28

What is the equation for freezing point depression?

Answer 28

FP depression = (delta)T = Kf x i x m where Kf = a solvent-dependent constant i = Vant Hoff factor m = molarity Note, in physiological systems, Kf always = 1.8

Question 29

What effect does an increase in particle number/solutes have on vapor pressure?

Answer 29

decrease

Question 30

What effect does an increase in particle number/solutes have on freezing temperature?

Answer 30

decreases

Question 31

What effect does an increase in particle number/solutes have on the boiling point?

Answer 31

increases

Question 32

What is the equation for boiling point elevation?

Answer 32

BP elevation = (delta)T = Kb x i x m where Kb = a solvent-dependent constant i = Vant Hoff factor m = molarity Note, in physiological systems, Kb always = 0.5

Question 33

Remember that osmosis is a ________ property.

Answer 33

Colligative (based on particle NUMBER)

Question 34

What does the Na/K ATPase do?

Answer 34

Pumps 3 Na out of the cell and 2 K into the cell

Question 35

How is glucose transported across intestinal cells into the bloodstream?

Answer 35

Na/glucose co-transporter

Question 36

What cellular roles do microtubules play?

Answer 36

mitotic spindle intracellular transport cilia and flagella

Question 37

What cellular roles do microfilaments play?

Answer 37

muscle contraction pseudopod formation cytokinesis

Question 38

What cellular roles do intermediate filaments play?

Answer 38

structural

Question 39

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

Answer 39

G1 -> S -> G2 -> M

Question 40

What is the most heavily regulated phase/point in the cell cycle?

Answer 40

G1/S phase junction

Question 41

What are the phases in mitosis?

Answer 41

Prophase -> Metaphase -> Anaphase -> Telophase

Question 42

During mitosis, what is the name of the two homologous chromosomes joined at the centromere?

Answer 42

Sister chromatids

Question 43

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 43

Cell pinching and separation conducted by actin filaments at the end of anaphase

Question 44

At what stage are cells haploid?

Answer 44

At the end of meiosis I 1n2x

Question 45

What is a polymorphic trait?

Answer 45

A trait with several varieties. e.g. hair color

Question 46

What is a polygenic trait?

Answer 46

A trait that is coded for by multiple genes (pretty much all traits are polygenic!)

Question 47

What is incomplete dominance?

Answer 47

Blending of two dominant traits. e.g. pink

Question 48

What is codominance?

Answer 48

2 alleles are expressed simultaneously but independently. eg blood type

Question 49

What is a test cross?

Answer 49

A cross between a homozygous recessive and an unknown dominant.

Question 50

What are linked genes?

Answer 50

Genes that are close together on the same chromosome might NOT sort indepdently.

Question 51

Crossing over is more likely to occur with genes that are __________.

Answer 51

Farther apart

Question 52

What is the expected ratio for a double heterozygote cross? (for 2 genes)

Answer 52

1:3:3:1

Question 53

What are the 2 Hardy-Weinberg equations?

Answer 53

Allele frequency = p + q = 1 Genotype frequency = p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

Question 54

How many generations does it take to return to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Answer 54

ONE! (assuming all the HW conditions are met)

Question 55

What are the Hardy-Weinberg conditions?

Answer 55

1. No mutations 2. No natural selection 3. Totally random mating 4. Large population 5. No migration