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MCAT - Bio/Biochem > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

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1
Q

What shape is E. Coli?

A

Bacillus

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2
Q

What is the term for flagella used in naming bacteria?

A

Trichous

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3
Q

What is the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella?

A

x

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4
Q

What piece anchors the flagella in the membrane? What does it do?

A

The basal unit

Generates a proton gradient between the membrane and the periplasmic space to cause rotation

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5
Q

What is the whip like portion of the flagella called?

A

The filament

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6
Q

What is the bacterial cell wall made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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7
Q

What makes a bacteria gram +? What color does it stain?

A

Thick peptidogylcan layer which stains dark purple

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8
Q

What makes a bacteria gram -? What color does it stain?

A

Additional outer membrane outside of a thinner peptidoglycan layer. Thus they stain poorly–a light pink.

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9
Q

What is a mesophile?

A

A bacteria that likes middle temperatures, non-extreme

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10
Q

What is a thermophile?

A

Bacteria that loves very hot temps

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11
Q

What is a psychrophile?

A

Bacteria that loves cold temps

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12
Q

What is an obligate aerobe?

A

Cannot survive in the absence of oxygen

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13
Q

What is a facultative anaerobe?

A

Can use oxygen OR do fermentation, quite likes oxygen actually

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14
Q

What is a tolerant anaerobe?

A

An anaerobe that is not killed by oxygen, but cannot use oxygen to survive. Instead ferments

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15
Q

What is an obligate anaerobe?

A

Dies in the presence of oxygen

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16
Q

What does auxotroph mean?

A

“Can’t do or make something” or if its a sugar, cant metabolize that sugar

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17
Q

What is the growth cycle via binary fission?

A

Lag -> Log -> stationary -> death

Does not increase genetic diversity, but can greatly increase colony size

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18
Q

What is an F+ bacterium?

A

A bacterium that contains an (F) plasmid. Considered a “male” bacterium

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19
Q

What is an F- bacterium?

A

A bacterium lacking a plasmid. Considered a “female” bacterium

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20
Q

How does bacterial conjugation occur?

A

A conjugation bridge, aka a “sex pilus” connects an F+ bacterium and an F- bacterium. The plasmid is replicated in the male and a copy is sent via the bridge to the female.

The female cell now has more genetic diversity

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21
Q

What things should you know about fungi?

A
  1. Eukaryotes (think yeast!)
  2. Cell wall is chitin
  3. Reproduce via vegetation, asexual spores, or sexual spores
  4. Adults are haploid
  5. Hierarchy = hyphae -> mycelium -> thallus

Thallus is the largest, visible fungus e.g. hunk of bread mold

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22
Q

Although most proteins start AND finish translation in the cytoplasm, what are the 4 types that finish in the rough ER?

A
  1. Secreted protein
  2. Transmembrane proteins
  3. Lysosomal proteins
  4. ER/Golgi resident proteins
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23
Q

How do proteins that finish translation in the ER (e.g. secreted proteins and membrane bound proteins) know how to

A

Secreted protein:

A signal sequence is translated in the first few amino acids.
*note, the signal is actually removed at the end of translation).

Membrane bound:

A signal can be ANYWHERE in the amino acid sequence and is not removed during translation.

24
Q

Where do the signal sequences of transmembrane proteins end up?

A

In the hydrophobic/nonpolar part of the PM (the tails)

25
Q

Can proteins flip in the PM?

A

No!

26
Q

What is the Vant Hoff factor?

A

The number of ions a molecule splits into. e.g. NaCl would be 2
CaCl2 would be 3

27
Q

What are colligative properties?

A

Properties that depend on the NUMBER of solute particles (Vant Hoff factor) but NOT their identity. Properties affected:

  1. Freezing point depression
  2. Vapor point depression
  3. Boiling point elevation
  4. Osmotic pressure increase
28
Q

What is the equation for freezing point depression?

A

FP depression = (delta)T = Kf x i x m

where Kf = a solvent-dependent constant
i = Vant Hoff factor
m = molarity

Note, in physiological systems, Kf always = 1.8

29
Q

What effect does an increase in particle number/solutes have on vapor pressure?

A

decrease

30
Q

What effect does an increase in particle number/solutes have on freezing temperature?

A

decreases

31
Q

What effect does an increase in particle number/solutes have on the boiling point?

A

increases

32
Q

What is the equation for boiling point elevation?

A

BP elevation = (delta)T = Kb x i x m

where Kb = a solvent-dependent constant
i = Vant Hoff factor
m = molarity

Note, in physiological systems, Kb always = 0.5

33
Q

Remember that osmosis is a ________ property.

A

Colligative (based on particle NUMBER)

34
Q

What does the Na/K ATPase do?

A

Pumps 3 Na out of the cell and 2 K into the cell

35
Q

How is glucose transported across intestinal cells into the bloodstream?

A

Na/glucose co-transporter

36
Q

What cellular roles do microtubules play?

A

mitotic spindle
intracellular transport
cilia and flagella

37
Q

What cellular roles do microfilaments play?

A

muscle contraction
pseudopod formation
cytokinesis

38
Q

What cellular roles do intermediate filaments play?

A

structural

39
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

A

G1 -> S -> G2 -> M

40
Q

What is the most heavily regulated phase/point in the cell cycle?

A

G1/S phase junction

41
Q

What are the phases in mitosis?

A

Prophase -> Metaphase -> Anaphase -> Telophase

42
Q

During mitosis, what is the name of the two homologous chromosomes joined at the centromere?

A

Sister chromatids

43
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Cell pinching and separation conducted by actin filaments at the end of anaphase

44
Q

At what stage are cells haploid?

A

At the end of meiosis I

1n2x

45
Q

What is a polymorphic trait?

A

A trait with several varieties. e.g. hair color

46
Q

What is a polygenic trait?

A

A trait that is coded for by multiple genes (pretty much all traits are polygenic!)

47
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

Blending of two dominant traits. e.g. pink

48
Q

What is codominance?

A

2 alleles are expressed simultaneously but independently. eg blood type

49
Q

What is a test cross?

A

A cross between a homozygous recessive and an unknown dominant.

50
Q

What are linked genes?

A

Genes that are close together on the same chromosome might NOT sort indepdently.

51
Q

Crossing over is more likely to occur with genes that are __________.

A

Farther apart

52
Q

What is the expected ratio for a double heterozygote cross? (for 2 genes)

A

1:3:3:1

53
Q

What are the 2 Hardy-Weinberg equations?

A

Allele frequency = p + q = 1

Genotype frequency = p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

54
Q

How many generations does it take to return to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A

ONE! (assuming all the HW conditions are met)

55
Q

What are the Hardy-Weinberg conditions?

A
  1. No mutations
  2. No natural selection
  3. Totally random mating
  4. Large population
  5. No migration

MCAT - Bio/Biochem (9 decks)

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