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Biology Freshman year > DNA replication, Mitosis, Meiosis > Flashcards

DNA replication, Mitosis, Meiosis Flashcards

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1
Q

What does G1 phase do?

A

Prepares cells for division (cell grows)

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2
Q

What does S phase do?

A

DNA replication, synthesis

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3
Q

What does G2 phase do?

A

Cell grows rapidly, cell prepares for mitosis

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4
Q

What does M phase do?

A

(Mitosis) Cell division, nuclear division, cytoplasmic division

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5
Q

What layer do only plant cells have?

A

Cellulose cell wall

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6
Q

What is Semi conservative replication?

A

It is the correct way in how DNA replicates. The parent DNA is split and put together with the new DNA (having balance), then in the future, the DNA splits again and is put together with newer DNA.

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7
Q

Surface area formula for cubes?

A

SA = 6a^2

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8
Q

What should the ratio be for a “cell” to absorb nutrients?

A

A larger surface area to volume ratio

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9
Q

Why are base pairs easy to separate (DNA strands)?

A

The hydrogen bonds are weak

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10
Q

Monomers of chromosomes are …

A

Nucleotides

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11
Q

The 5’ end of a chromosome matches with…

A

the phosphate

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12
Q

The 3’ end of a chromosome matches with…

A

the sugar

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13
Q

Identical strands of DNA are referred to..

A

double helix (complementary), antiparallel

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14
Q

DNA synthesis can start in…

A

multiple places on a chromosome, doesn’t start synthesis at every location at the same time

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15
Q

Why is the lagging strand copied in pieces?

A

It has to wait for more DNA to be exposed.

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16
Q

Role of Helicase?

A

Enzyme that breaks down hydrogen bonds between strands of the DNA (1)

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17
Q

Role of Primase?

A

Enzyme that creates a temporary RNA primer (2)

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18
Q

Role of DNA polymerase lll?

A

Enzyme that creates new DNA strands, follows primase (3)

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19
Q

Role of DNA polymerase l?

A

Enzyme that replaces RNA nucleotides with DNA (4)

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20
Q

Role of Ligase?

A

Enzyme that creates a phosphodiester bond between okazaki fragments (5)

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21
Q

What makes sure the cells pass each checkpoint of the cell cycle?

A

Regulatory proteins check if the cell/DNA is damaged, has enough nutrients, and energy

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22
Q

What happens if checkpoints are ignored?

A

Uncontrolled cell division and cancer

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23
Q

Two types of genes that cause cancer if mutated?

A

Proto-oncogenes - if mutated is like holding down a gas pedal in a car
(One allele)
Tumor suppressor genes - if mutated break pedals don’t work (both of these raise the cell division speed) (two allele)

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24
Q

Two factors that increase a person’s chance of developing cancer?

A
  1. Genetics
  2. The environment/carcinogens
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25
Q

Phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase/cytokinesis

26
Q

Prophase?

A
  • Nucleus dissolves
  • Spindle Fibers form
  • Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
27
Q

Metaphase?

A

-Chromosomes line up single file in the middle of the cell

28
Q

Anaphase?

A
  • sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers towards opposite sides of a cell
29
Q

Telophase?

A
  • nuclei reforms
  • spindle fibers disappear
  • chromosomes unwind
  • cell starts pinching into two
  • (completely divides in cytokinesis)
30
Q

What happens if cell does not go through DNA replication before mitosis?

A

There will only be half of the chromosomes

31
Q

What happens if a damage is unable to be fixed by a cell?

A

The cell will undergo apoptosis (cell death)

32
Q

An unreplicated chromosome

A

/

33
Q

Chromatin

A

()()()(()()()

34
Q

a pair of replicated homologous chromosomes

A

)( )(

35
Q

2 replicated nonhomologous chromosomes

A

// )(

36
Q

Matching of bases with letters:

A

AT (U), CG

37
Q

The goal of Meiosis l is to..?

A

Separate homologous chromosomes

38
Q

The goal of Meiosis ll is to..?

A

Separate sister chromatids

39
Q

What types of cells are created in Mitosis and the information in it?

A

Somatic cells (body cells), the information is identical (diploid)

40
Q

What types of cells are created in Meiosis and the information in it?

A

Gamete cells (sex cells), the information is different (has half, haploid)

41
Q

The reason for mitosis?

A

To repair and grow

42
Q

Most important cell cycle regulator proteins?

A

Stimulating and inhibitory

43
Q

How are cancerous cells structured?

A

They are more messy, un-organizded, and deformed

44
Q

Difference between Benign tumor and Malignant tumor?

A

Benign tumor is not cancerous and won’t spread, malignant is cancerous and can spread to other tissues (the membrane is open)

45
Q

Ratio of somatic cells to gamete cells

A

2:1

46
Q

What is monosomy?

A

when one chromosome is missing

47
Q

What is trisomy?

A

when there is an extra chromosome

48
Q

Stages of Meiosis?

A

Prophase l, Metaphase l, Anaphase l, Telophase/cytokinesis l, Prophase ll, Metaphase ll, Anaphase ll, Telophase/cytokinesis ll

49
Q

What happens in Prophase l?

A
  • Nucleus disappears
  • Spindle fibers form
  • Chromosomes condense
  • Homologous chromosomes pair up (diploid)
50
Q

What happens in Metaphase l?

A
  • homologous pairs line up in the middle of the cell
51
Q

What happens in Anaphase l?

A
  • homologous pairs are split and pulled towards opposite sides of the cell
52
Q

What happens in Telophase/cytokinesis l?

A
  • Nuclei reforms
  • spindle fibers break down
  • cell pinches into two (cytokinesis) (haploid)
53
Q

When does crossing over happen?

A

In meiosis during prophase l

54
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

A pair of chromosomes, each from a parent, non-identical

55
Q

What is crossing over?

A

When homologous pairs exchange pieces of information

56
Q

When does independent assortment happen?

A

In meiosis during metaphase l

57
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

When homologous pairs are placed independently, creating differentiation in offsprings

58
Q

What cells result from Meiosis l, Meiosis ll, and Fertilization?

A

Haploid, Haploid, Diploid

59
Q

Why is Meiosis important for sexual reproduction?

A

Meiosis creates genetic variation because of the randomly shuffling of genes across chromosomes and then randomly separates half of those chromosomes into each gamete

60
Q

Sugars are attached to…?

A

nitrogenous bases

Biology Freshman year (4 decks)

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