dna replication, beginning of chapter 9 (dna to protein) - (lecture 9) Flashcards

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1
Q

okazaki fragment

A

the little backwards bits during dna replication where it has to keep going up and returning to the point it started before

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2
Q

replication fork

A

the branching prongs that form when helicase separates the strands

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3
Q

explain dna replication with enzymes and what each enzyme’s role is

A
  • topoisomerase: untwists, travels upwards
  • helicase: follows; separates (triangle) (replication fork)
  • dna polymerase: needs primers, can only run 5’ to 3’
  • dna ligase: joins the okazaki fragments
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4
Q

explain transcription with enzymes and what each enzyme’s role is

A
  • rna polymerase: needs a promoter to
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5
Q

explain translation with all processes involved:

A
  • rna polymerase must first bind to a promoter (sequence in dna)
  • explain the guanine cap
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6
Q

name the three types of rna

A

messenger, transfer, and ribosomal

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7
Q

the process by which dna nucleotides are used to create rna nucleotides

A

transcription

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8
Q

the process by which rna nucleotides are used to make proteins
- first forms polypeptide chains, which fold to form proteins

A

translation

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9
Q

where does transcription occur?

A

the nucleus
(note that the rna then moves into the cytoplasm)

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10
Q

where does translation occur?

A

the cytoplasm

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11
Q

rna that carries protein building instructions

A

messenger rna

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12
Q

rna that makes up ribosomes

A

ribosomal rna

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13
Q

rna that delivers amino acids to the protein chain

A

transfer rna

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14
Q

how is dna replication similar to transcription (rna synthesis?)

A

they both add nucleotides from the 5’ to 3’ direction

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15
Q

how is dna replication unlike transcription (rna synthesis?)

A
  • only small portions are the template
  • rna polymerase is the catalyst, not dna polymerase
  • the product is single stranded
  • rna has 2 oh groups, one on the 2’ and 3’, and dna only has a h on the 2’ carbon
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16
Q

what is the small sequence of dna above a a gene that signals it as a starting place for a gene?

A

the promoter

17
Q

name the four nucleic acids in dna

A

a,t,c,g

18
Q

name the four nucleic acids in rna

A

a,u,c,g

19
Q

which codon is always at the start

A

aug

20
Q

what does aug stand for

A

methyanine

21
Q

there are ___ different stop codons

A

3

22
Q

explain the use of poly-a tails

A

they are used to determine the amount of times a piece of rna should be synthesized because a certain enzyme starts destroying it when the reaction begins (longer = more times it can replicate)

23
Q

mrna

A

mrna is just like regular rna but it has the introns “snipped out”

24
Q

rrna

A

carries protein-building intructions from the nucleus into the cytoplasm

25
Q

rrna

A

a major component of ribosomes

26
Q

trna

A

delivers amino acids to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

27
Q

tell me about the chart thingy mabobber

A
  • 64 codons
  • 3 stop
  • 61 amino acid places, 20 amino acids