chapter 46 - matter moving through ecosystems (lecture 7)

Question 1

the flow/cycle of a nutrient among environmental reservoirs and into & out of food webs

Answer 1

biogeochemical cycle

Question 2

the nutrient cycle flows to and from living organisms…

Answer 2

to and from the atmosphere, rocks/sediments, and seawater/freshwater

Question 3

describe the area within the chesapeake bay watershed and what it impacts

Answer 3

the watershed stretching from upstate new york, down through half of pennsylvania, northern virginia, all of maryland, and delaware

Question 4

what things are harmful and often spread through watersheds?

Answer 4

oil, pesticides, fertilizer, manure, salt, trash, sewage

Question 5

the problem that most of earth’s water is too salty for human consumption; people are using up too much freshwater from the ground and polluting the freshwater on the surface

Answer 5

the global water crisis
(rate at which we pull water from the ground is much higher than the rate it is replenished)

Question 6

1000 mL of seawater takes _____ mL of urine to desalinate

Answer 6

1300

Question 7

__ out of 50 states do not have their own supply of fresh groundwater to pump

Answer 7

20 (40%)

Question 8

we can measure how deep oceans are and gauge the mountain ranges because…

Answer 8

satellites can be used to measure the force of gravity (more forceful pull when it orbits over higher land or subsurface mountains versus the bottom of the ocean)

Question 9

force of gravity on a system equation:

Answer 9

g = m1m2/r^2

Question 10

the carbon cycle

Answer 10

• atmospheric co2
• diffusion between atmosphere & ocean
• dissolved in ocean, taken in by marine creatures
• returns to earth’s crust in fossil form, also deposited by land food webs
• siphoned up after millions of years as fossil fuels
• returned to the atmosphere

Question 11

the hydraulic cycle

Answer 11

• surface & groundwater flow into oceans
• evaporation
• water vapor
• precipitation

Question 12

carbonic acid’s formula

Answer 12

h2co3

Question 13

atmospheric carbon is mostly…

Answer 13

co2

Question 14

carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere through

Answer 14

photosynthesis

Question 15

carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere through

Answer 15

• volcanic eruption
• burning fossil fuels
• aerobic respiration
• deforestation

Question 16

carbon dioxide trends

Answer 16

carbon dioxide fluctuates seasonally, but it is steadily increasing

Question 17

chloroflurocarbons

Answer 17

molecules that break down o3 (ozone), which is the best deflector of cosmic rays, gamma rays, x-rays, and uv light

Question 18

methane

Answer 18

ch4 - a molecule that is produced by bacteria in swamps, rice fields, by termites, and manure

Question 19

nitrous oxide

Answer 19

n2o - a molecule called “laughing gas” that is becoming a growing issue as a greenhouse gas (released from synthetic fertilizers)

Question 20

nitrogen cycle

Answer 20

• n2 is taken in by prokaryotes
• it becomes nh4+ or nh3
• these are either taken in by plants or
• they become no2- (nitrite) or no3- (nitrate)
• then taken in by plants
• which is consumed by heterotrophs

Question 21

the process by which bacteria turn n2 into usable compounds for plants

Answer 21

nitrogen fixation

Question 22

the process by which nh4+ becomes no2-

Answer 22

nitrification

Question 23

the atmosphere is ___% n2 and ___% o2

Answer 23

78, 21