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HIGHER HUMAN BIOLOGY > DNA REPLICATION AND STRUCTURE > Flashcards

DNA REPLICATION AND STRUCTURE Flashcards

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1
Q

What is DNA made out of?

A

Nucleotides

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2
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

A nucleotide is repeating chemicals units in DNA

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3
Q

What is a nucleotide made out of?

A

Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate and base

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4
Q

What is the sugar-phosphate backbone?

A

The sugar phosphate backbone is the portion of the DNA double helix that provides structural support to the molecule.

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5
Q

What are the 4 bases in DNA

A

Adenine, Thymine, guanine, cytosine

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6
Q

What 4 bases pair together?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine,cytosine

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7
Q

How are the bases held together?

A

By weak hydrogen bonds.

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8
Q

What is the term to describe the structure of DNA?

A

Antiparallel.

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9
Q

What do you need for DNA replication?

A

Primers
Original DNA template
Free DNA nucleotides
DNA polymerase
Ligase
ATP

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10
Q

When is DNA REPLICATED

A

It is replicated prior to cell division.

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11
Q

What is DNA replicated by?

A

DNA is replicated by DNA POLYMERASE.

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12
Q

What does DNA polymerase need to start replication?

A

Primers

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13
Q

What are primers?

A

Primers are short strands of nucleotides which bind to the 3’ end of the template allowing polymerase to add DNA nucleotides

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14
Q

Explain the steps of DNA replication

A

DNA unwinds and unzips by breaking hydrogen bonds between the bases
Then primers attach to the 3’ end of the DNA strands
DNA polymerase synthesises the new DNA strands by adding complementary bases in a 5’ to 3’ direction.
Fragments are glued together with ligase and the 2 new DNA molecules wind back together

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15
Q

How does the leading strand replicate?

A

Continuously.

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16
Q

How does the lagging strand replicate?

A

In fragments

17
Q

What is PCR?

A

PCR is DNA replication in a lab

18
Q

What does PCR stand for?

A

It stands for polymerase chain reaction.

19
Q

What does PCR do?

A

It amplifies DNA using complementary primers for specific target sequences

20
Q

Explain the process of PCR

A

DNA is heated to 95 degrees Celsius to break the hydrogen bonds and separate the DNA strands
DNA is cooled to 55 degrees Celsius to allow primers to bing primers bind to the 3’ end of each strand.
DNA is heated to 75 degrees Celsius
Heat tolerant DNA polymerase is added and the DNA polymerase synthesises the new strands in a 5’ to 3’ direction
DNA molecules then recoil

HIGHER HUMAN BIOLOGY (2 decks)

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