DNA replication and repair Flashcards

1
Q

Define: replication

A

Replication is the biological duplication of the information within DNA to produce two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule.

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2
Q

Define: polymerase

A

An enzyme that synthesises long chains of polymers or nucleic acids by copying a template using base pairing interactions.

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3
Q

Define: helicase

A

An enzyme that uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to unwind the helix shape of DNA and separate the two strands to allow replication to occur.

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4
Q

Define: ligase

A

An enzyme that attaches DNA fragments together by a phosphodiester bond; especially used to ensure continuation of the lagging strand and in DNA repair.

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5
Q

Define: primase

A

An enzyme that synthesises the primer DNA one nucleotide at a time (like DNA polymerase).

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6
Q

Define: primer

A

A starter strand of RNA that is complimentary to the DNA template and serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis.

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7
Q

Define: leading strand

A

Made by continuous synthesis from a single primer.

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8
Q

Define: lagging strand

A

Made by synthesis of short Okazaki fragments (100-200 nucleotides) from multiple primers.

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9
Q

Define: replication origin

A

(aka ori) - found in all chromosomes or defined by a 245 bp DNA sequence in e.coli- a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated.

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10
Q

Define: telomere

A

A repetitive sequence at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes which repeat to act to protect and prolong cell division especially in rapidly-dividing cells like bone marrow.

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11
Q

Define: PCR

A

(polymerase chain reaction) - method used to amplify a specific DNA segment to be able to analyse it more in depth.

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