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Cell > DNA Replication > Flashcards

DNA Replication Flashcards

0
Q

endonuclease

A

nucleases that cleave the nucleotide chain at positions in the interior of the chain

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1
Q

What are the properties of DNA?

A

3’-5’ phosphodiester bonds
double stranded
double helix

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2
Q

exonuclease

A

Cleave the chain by removing individual nucleotides from one of the two ends

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3
Q

semiconservative replication

A

parent strand + daughter strand

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4
Q

origin of replication

A

a single, unique nucleotide sequence where DNA replication begins (prokaryotes)

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5
Q

consensus sequence

A

short sequences of AT base pairs where replication begins. There are many of these (eukaryotes; prokaryotes have origin of replication)

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6
Q

replication fork

A

when strands separate, v shape is formed where active synthesis occurs

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7
Q

bidirectional

A

replication forks move in both directions away from the origin

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8
Q

prepriming complex

A

proteins responsible for maintaining the separation of the parental strands and for unwinding the double helix ahead of the replication fork

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9
Q

DnaA protein

A

Causes DNA to melt. Bind at origin of replication rich in AT base pairs . Requires ATP.

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10
Q

SSB proteins

A

keep proteins separated in the area of replication origin, also protect the single stranded DNA from nucleases

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11
Q

cooperative binding

A

binding of one SSB protein makes it easier for subsequent binding of SSB proteins

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12
Q

DNA helicase

A

bind to SS dNA near the replication fork, forcing the double stranded parts nearby apart, unwinding the double helix. Require ATP

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13
Q

positive supercoils

A

cord is twisted in the direction of tightening the coils

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14
Q

negative supercoils

A

twisted in the direction of loosening the coils

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15
Q

DNA topoisomerase

A

responsible for removing supercoils

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16
Q

Type I DNA topoisomerase ( swivelase )

A

cut a single strand. have nuclease and ligase activities. do not require ATP, relaxes negative supercoils

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17
Q

Type II DNA topoisomerase ( gyrase )

A

transient breaks in both strands. Can relieve both positive and negative supercoils. Requires ATP

18
Q

labile cell

A

continuously dividing, have a continuous cell cycle

19
Q

stable /quiescent cell

A

divide when needed

20
Q

permanent cell

A

does not divide

21
Q

mitosis

A

produces diploid cells

occurs in stable and labile cells

22
Q

meiosis

A

haploid cells
occurs in gametes
genetic variation

23
Q

prometaphase

A

ruptures nuclear membrane, aster formation

24
Q

gene expression

A

choosing which gene in the DNA will be used to convert into protein

25
Q

chromatin

A

unraveled DNA for transcription

26
Q

chromatid

A

1/2 of the chromosome

27
Q

chromosome

A

condensed DNA needed for mitosis

28
Q

histones

A

arginine and lysine

5 classes: H2A, H2B, H3, H4, H1. all 2 molecules except H1

29
Q

heterochromatin

A

densely packed, transcriptionally inactive

30
Q

constitutive action of heterochromatin

A

always condensed and inactive (telomeres, centromeres)

31
Q

facultative action of heterochromatin

A

sometimes transcribed, sometimes not

32
Q

polynucleosome

A

nucleosomes that are packed more tightly

33
Q

exons

A

coding regions

34
Q

introns

A

noncoding intervening sequences

35
Q

microsatellite repeat sequences

A

2-3 repeating base pairs

36
Q

primase

A

synthesizes RNA primers, short stretches of RNA

37
Q

RNA primers

A

marks where replication will start. temporary RNA strands that will be removed eventually

38
Q

primosome complex

A

helicase + primase

39
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

catalyze chain elongation in 5’ to 3’ direction. (read template is 3’ to 5’)

40
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

removes RNA primers and fills space with corresponding base pairs in 5’ to 3’ direction. also proofreads

41
Q

Hayflick limit

A

number of times a cell divides before it stops

42
Q

senescence

A

with metabolic activity but does not divide anymore

Cell (4 decks)

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