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Biology Nat 5 > DNA, Proteins And Genetic Engineering > Flashcards

DNA, Proteins And Genetic Engineering Flashcards

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1
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

Where is DNA found in the cells

A

In the nucleus

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3
Q

What is the primary function of DNA

A

To store genetic information

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4
Q

What is the structure of DNA

A

• A DNA molecule is described as a double stranded helix, held by complementary base pairs.

• There are 4 different bases that make up genetic code

• They have bonds between them that hold the 2 strands together.

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5
Q

What are the four bases found in DNA?

A

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)

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6
Q

What is the base pair rule in DNA?

A

Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Cytosine pairs with Guanine

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7
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA which codes for a protein

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8
Q

What does the term “double helix” refer to in DNA?

A

It describes the twisted ladder shape of the DNA molecule

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9
Q

What do proteins consist of

A

Proteins consist of long chains of amino acids

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10
Q

What determines the amino acid sequence in proteins?

A

The base sequence

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11
Q

What is messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A

A molecule which carries a complementary copy of the genetic code from the DNA, in the nucleus to a Ribosome, where the protein is assembled from amino acids.

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12
Q

What is the process of protein synthesis from DNA?

A
  1. DNA stays in the nucleus
  2. mRNA makes a complentary copy of the DNA code in the nucleus
  3. mRNA leaves the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it comes together with ribosomes
  4. Amino acids are joined together in a specific order to form proteins
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13
Q

Where is mRNA found?

A

In both the nucleus and cytoplasm

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14
Q

What happens if the sequence of bases in DNA changes?

A

A different sequence of amino acids is produced in a protein

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15
Q

Where does proteinsynthesis occur

A

In the ribosome

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16
Q

How many strands does mRNA have?

A

One strand

17
Q

What is the relationship between DNA and proteins

A

DNA contains the instructions to make proteins

18
Q

What is the percentage of adenine bases if there are 250 adenines in a section of DNA with 800* bases?

A

31%

19
Q

What is the percentage of thymine bases if there are 200 thymines in a section of DNA with 800*
bases?

A

25%

20
Q

If there are 300 guanines in a section of DNA with 800 bases, how many adenines are there?

A

100 adenines

21
Q

How does the structure of proteins relate to their function?

A

The sequence of amino acids determines the protein’s structure and function

22
Q

What is the significance of complementary base pairing?

A

It ensures accurate replication and transcription of genetic information

23
Q

How do mutations affect proteins?

A

Mutations can change the amino acid sequence, potentially altering protein function

24
Q

What are the type of proteins and their structures?

A

• Enzymes: Biological catalysts (e.g., Catalase, Amylase )
• Antibodies : Involved in body defense
• Hormones: Chemical messengers (e.g., Insulin, Glucagon)
• Structural proteins: make up cell structure such as membranes
• Receptors: found in cell membranes and Recognise specific substances

25
Q

What is the first stage of genetic engineering?

A
  1. Identify the required gene from the source chromosome.
26
Q

What is the second stage of genetic engineering

A
  1. Extract the required gene using enzymes.
27
Q

What is the 3rd stage of genetic engineering.

A
  1. Extract a plasmid from a bacterial cell.
28
Q

What is the fourth stage of genetic engineering?

A
  1. Insert the required gene into the bacterial plasmid.
29
Q

What is the fifth stage of genetic engineering?

A
  1. Insert the plasmid into a host bacterial cell .
30
Q

What is the 6th stage of genetic engineering

A
  1. Produce a genetically modified organism.
31
Q

Summarise all 6 stages of genetic engineering

A
  1. Identify the required gene from the source chromosome.
  2. Extract the required gene using enzymes.
  3. Extract a plasmid from a bacterial cell.
  4. Insert the required gene into the plasmid.
  5. Insert the plasmid into a host bacterial cell .
  6. Produce a genetically modified organism.
32
Q

What is genetic engineering used for?

A

Genetic information can be transferred from one cell to another by genetic engineering
It produces specific proteins, such as hormones

33
Q

What is the role of enzymes in genetic engineering?

A

Enzymes are used to cut and paste genes into plasmids

Biology Nat 5 (5 decks)

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