DNA Mutation And Repair

Question 1

Types of changes

Answer 1

-substitutions
-Insertions
-Deletions
-Expanding nucleotide repeats

Question 2

Functional effect changes

Answer 2

-Reverse
-Missense
-Neutral
-Nonsense
-Silent
-Suppressor

Question 3

Base substions

Answer 3

-transitions
-Transversions

Question 4

Base substitution types

Answer 4

Transitions and Transversions

Question 5

Transition

Answer 5

Question 6

Transversions

Answer 6

Question 7

Frameshift

Answer 7

Number of bases added or removed is not divisible by 3

Question 8

Insertions

Answer 8

Question 9

Deletions

Answer 9

Question 10

Expanding nucleotide repeats

Answer 10

Question 11

Model of nucleotide repeat expansion

Answer 11

Question 12

Reverse mutation

Answer 12

Changes the mutant codon back to the original codon

Question 13

Missense mutation

Answer 13

A base substitution that results in a different amino acid in a protein

Question 14

Neutral mutation

Answer 14

A type of missense mutation that alters the amino acid sequence but does not significantly change its function

Question 15

Nonsense mutation

Answer 15

Changes a sense codon into a stop codon (TGA, TAA, TAG)

Question 16

Silent Mutation

Answer 16

Changes a codon to a synonymous codon that specifies the same amino acid

Question 18

Suppressor mutation

Answer 18

Suppresses the effect of an earlier mutation at a different site (does not change the sequence back to the original)

Question 19

Types of DNA damage

Answer 19

-Endogenous
-Environmental

Question 20

Endogenous DNA damage causes:

Answer 20

-mistakes during DNA replication
-Depurination
-Deamination
-Oxidation ( by endogenous reactive oxygen species)
-non-enzymatic methylation

Question 21

Environmental damage causes

Answer 21

-Radiation (UV or ionizing)
-environmental chemicals (e.g. DNA methylating agents, chemotherapeutic agents (DNA-cross-linking), bulky hydrocarbons (smoking))
-To function as an information storage molecule, there must be means to repair damaged DNA

Question 22

Endogenous DNA-DAmaging Reactions

Answer 22

Question 23

UV damage

Answer 23

Question 24

Smoking damage

Answer 24

Question 25

DNA repair processes

Answer 25

Question 26

DNA types of damage summary

Answer 26

Question 27

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Answer 27

Question 28

Base Excision Repair Systems

Answer 28

Question 29

Basic pathway of DNA repair

Answer 29

Question 30

Double stranded break

Answer 30