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DNA > DNA, Genes and Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

DNA, Genes and Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the name for the position of a gene on a chromosome?

A

Locus/loci

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2
Q

Why is mRNA shorter than pre-mRNA?

A

Introns have been spliced out

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3
Q

Name 3 types of RNA

A 
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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4
Q

Name 4 bases found in RNA

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil

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5
Q

What are ribosomes formed from?

A

Ribosomal RNA and protein

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6
Q

Name the parts of a RNA nucleotide

A

Ribose sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base

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7
Q

What is the function of mRNA

A

Carry genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm

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8
Q

What similarities do mRNA and tRNA have?

A

Both single stranded
Both have A, G, C and U bases
Both consist of RNA nucleotides

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9
Q

What differences do mRNA and tRNA have?

A

mRNA is linear, tRNA is folded
tRNA as hydrogen bonds holding the clover leaf shape in place
tRNA has anticodon and amino acid attachment site
tRNA is shorter

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10
Q

How many amino acid molecules exist?

A

20

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11
Q

How many bases are there?

A

5

Thymine, adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil

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12
Q

If one base coded for an amino acid, how many possible sequences would there be?

A

4

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13
Q

If two bases coded for an amino acid, how many possible sequences would there be?

A

16

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14
Q

If three bases coded for an amino acid, how many possible sequences would there be?

A

64

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15
Q

How many bases code for one amino acid?

A

3

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16
Q

What is a triplet of bases called?

A

Codon

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17
Q

Explain what the term degenerate means

A

Most amino acids are coded for by more than one codon

18
Q

The genetic code is described as being universal. What does this mean?

A

The same triplet code is used for all amino acids in all organisms

19
Q

The genetic code is described as being non-overlapping. What does this mean?

A

Each base in the sequence is read only once

20
Q

What are coding sequences called?

A

Exons

21
Q

What are non-coding sequences called?

A

Introns

22
Q

How many bases are needed to code for a chain of 8 amino acids?

A

24

23
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that codes for a polypeptide

24
Q

What is meant by the term genome?

A

A complete set of genes in a cell

25
Q

What is meant by the term proteome?

A

The full range of proteins produced by the genome

26
Q

How many different types of tRNA molecules must exist?

A

64 - one for each of the possible codons

27
Q

What is an advantage of mRNA being broken down quickly?

A

The correct amount of the protein is synthesised

28
Q

What is the monomer of a protein?

A

Amino acids

29
Q

Name the two processes in protein synthesis

A

Transcription

Translation

30
Q

Which process occurs first in protein synthesis?

A

Transcription

31
Q

What is produced in transcription?

A

mRNA/pre-mRNA

32
Q

What is produced in translation?

A

Polypeptide

33
Q

Which enzyme unwinds the DNA helix in transcription?

A

DNA helicase

34
Q

If the base sequence on the DNA coding strand during transcription is AAGTCGGAT, what is the base sequence on the mRNA strand?

A

AAGUCGGAU

35
Q

Which enzyme moves along the DNA non-coding/template strand joining RNA nucleotides together to form mRNA?

A

RNA polymerase

36
Q

What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?

A

Moves along the DNA non-coding/template strand joining RNA nucleotides together to form mRNA

37
Q

If the base sequence of the DNA coding strand in transcription is AATGCTTTC, what is the base sequence on the template/non-coding strand?

A

TTACGAAAG

38
Q

How does mRNA leave the nucleus?

A

Via a nuclear pore

39
Q

Where does mRNA attach to in the cytoplasm?

A

Ribosomes

40
Q

Name the cell organelle involved in translation

A

Ribosome

41
Q

If a mRNA codon has the base sequence AUC, what would the tRNA anticodon be that attaches to it?

A

UAG

42
Q

A strand of mRNA has 65 codons but the polypeptide produced has only 63 amino acids. Suggest why.

A

One codon is the stop codon that does not code for an amino acid

DNA (4 decks)

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