DNA, genes and chromosomes KRQ Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Compare and contrast the DNA in eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.
A

Comparisons: Nucleotide structure is identical; Nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bond; DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar structure to DNA in prokaryotes;
Contrasts: Eukaryotic DNA is longer; Eukaryotic DNA contain introns, prokaryotic DNA does not; Eukaryotic DNA is linear, prokaryotic DNA is circular; Eukaryotic DNA is associated with histones, prokaryotic DNA is not;

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2
Q
  1. Give ways in which the arrangement of prokaryotic DNA is different from the arrangement of the human DNA.
A

Prokaryotic DNA is Circular as opposed to linear in eukaryotes;
Not associated with histones ; Only one molecule DNA with plasmids;

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3
Q
  1. What is meant by a gene?
A

A DNA base sequence that codes for a polypeptide or functional RNA (ribosomal RNA and tRNA)

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4
Q
  1. What is a homologous pair of chromosomes?
A

Two chromosomes that carry the same genes at the same loci, but maybe different alleles

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5
Q
  1. Describe a eukaryotic chromosome found in the nucleus.
A

A very long, linear molecule of DNA that is coiled and associated with proteins called histones.

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6
Q
  1. Describe the DNA found in prokaryotes, chloroplasts and mitochondria.
A

DNA is short, circular molecules, not associated with proteins.

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7
Q
  1. The genetic code is degenerate, what does this mean.
A

One amino acid is coded for by more than one triplet code/codon (3 nucleotide bases).

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8
Q
  1. The genetic code is universal, what does this mean.
A

In every organism the same triplet code in DNA codes for the same amino acid.

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9
Q
  1. The genetic code is non-overlapping, what does this mean.
A

Each base belongs to just one triplet. Each base in the sequence is read once, after the first triplet code ends, then next one begins.

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10
Q
  1. What is a triplet code or codon?
A

3 bases on a DNA/mRNA that code for a specific amino acid.

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11
Q
  1. In Eukaryotes, what is in between genes?
A

Non-coding multiple repeats of base sequences. This makes up much of nuclear DNA. It does not code for amino acids.

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12
Q
  1. In eukaryotes, what are introns and exons?
A

Exons are the regions in a gene that code for amino acid sequences. Introns are non-coding regions within a gene that do not code for amino acids. They are removed from mRNA during splicing.

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13
Q
  1. What is a locus/loci?
A

The fixed position of a gene on a particular DNA molecule.

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