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Topic 4 Genetics, biodiversity and classification > DNA Genes and Chromosomes > Flashcards

DNA Genes and Chromosomes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the levels of DNA structure smallest to largest

A

Nucleotide-Nucleic acid-Gene-Chromosome

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2
Q

Describe DNA in eukaryotic cells

A

Long, linear DNA molecules
Highly coiled
Combine with histones to form chromatin
One chromosome contains one DNA molecule

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3
Q

Describe DNA in prokaryotic cells

A

short circular DNA
Not associated with proteins

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4
Q

What structures contain DNA in a eukaryotic cell

A

Nucleus
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria

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5
Q

Describe DNA in mitochondrias and chloroplasts

A

Short circular DNA
Not associated with proteins

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6
Q

Compare Eukaryotic and prokaryotic dna

A

Prokaryotic is short circular and doesn’t associate with proteins
Eukaryotic is long, linear and coiled but associates with proteins

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7
Q

How do chromosomes in eukaryotic cells appear

A

Two threads joined at the centromere
Each thread is a chromatid and identical meaning they are referred to as sister chromatids

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8
Q

What are diploid cells

A

Where chromosomes are found in pairs

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9
Q

What are haploid cells

A

Where chromosomes are not found in pairs

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10
Q

How many chromosomes do diploid cells have

A

46 chromosomes
23 pairs

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11
Q

How many chromosomes do haploid cells have

A

23 chromosomes

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12
Q

What are chromosomes made up of

A

A single DNA molecule with many genes along its length

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13
Q

What is a gene

A

A small section of DNA which codes for a particular protein

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14
Q

What is a locus

A

A specific position a gene occupies

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15
Q

What is an allele

A

a different form of a particular gene

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16
Q

What is a gamete

A

A sex cell

17
Q

What is a dominant allele

A

only 1 copy of the allele required for it to be expressed in the phenotype

18
Q

What is a recessive allele

A

2 copies required for the allele to be expressed in the phenotype

19
Q

What is a genotype

A

the 2 alleles an individual possesses for a particular gene

20
Q

What is a phenotype

A

the physical characteristics displayed by the individual resulting from genotype and environment

21
Q

What is a homozygous pair

A

having 2 of the same allele for a gene (2 dominant or 2 recessive)

22
Q

What is a heterozygous pair

A

having 2 different alleles for a gene (1 dominant and 1 recessive )

23
Q

What do Non-coding DNA do

A

Non-coding DNA does not code for any amino acids

24
Q

Where can non-coding DNA be found

A

between genes as the same base sequence repeated a number of times
Within genes as introns

25
Q

What are nucleic acids

A

Information carrying molecules which are found in all living cells

26
Q

What are two types of nucleic acid

A

RNA and DNA

27
Q

What is DNA made up of

A

A phosphate group
A deoxyribose sugar
An organic base

28
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

A phosphate group joined to a deoxyribose sugar at its C5
An organic base attached to a deoxyribose sugar at C1

29
Q

What are the 4 Nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

30
Q

What are the purine bases

A

Adenine and Thymine

31
Q

What are the pyrimidine bases

A

Guanine and Cytosine

32
Q

How do chromosomes appear under a microscope

A

An X shape

33
Q

Why is DNA well adapted

A

Sugar phosphate backbone held by covalent bonds
Complementary base pairing allows it to be copied
Tightly coiled structure allows lots of information in a small space

34
Q

What bonds are present in a DNA nucleotide

A

Phosphodiester bond

35
Q

What is a karyotype

A

Shows the full structure of chromosomes present in an organism

36
Q

Define the structure of DNA

A

double-stranded helix held together by complementary base pairs

37
Q
A

Topic 4 Genetics, biodiversity and classification (8 decks)

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