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Modern Bio > DNA (Discovery, Replication, Transcription, Translation) > Flashcards

DNA (Discovery, Replication, Transcription, Translation) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who is the Father of Genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel (bred peas and discovered 3 Laws of Inheritance)

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2
Q

What are the chemcial components of a nucleotide in DNA?

A

Nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose) and a phosphate group

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3
Q

What are the building blocks of DNA?

A

Nucleotides

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4
Q

What are the four nucleotides for DNA?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

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5
Q

Which nucleotides are purines and which are pyrimidines?

A

Adenine and Guanine are purines and Thymine and Cytosine are pyrimidines

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6
Q

What is the backbone of DNA?

A

The sugar and phosphate groups

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7
Q

The carbon atoms of the sugar are numbered?

A

1’ to 5’, clockwise

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8
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double helix (two strands)

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9
Q

What are the two strand of DNA held together by?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

What is complementary base pairing (Chargaff’s Rule)?

A

A with T (or U in RNA) and G with C

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11
Q

The two DNA strands are (parallel or anti parallel)?

A

Anti parallel

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12
Q

The two DNA stands start with?

A

3’ carbon and 5’ carbon (in upwards position; vice verca, 5’ and 3’, in downwards position)

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13
Q

What are the components of nucleotides in RNA?

A

Nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar (ribose) and phosphate group

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14
Q

The structure of RNA is?

A

Single stranded

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15
Q

What is DNA packaged by?

A

Histone (DNA is like thread, while histones are the spool it is wrapped around)

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16
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

Basic structural unit of chromatin; consists of DNA coiled around a histone core

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17
Q

How are nucleosomes organized?

A

Nucleosomes are coiled into chromatin fibers

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18
Q

What do chromatins become?

A

Chromosomes (condensed chromatins become chromosomes)

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19
Q

Where does the replication of DNA occur?

A

The S phase (synthesis phase) of the cell cycle

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20
Q

DNA strands are?

A

Complementary

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21
Q

Why does DNA have to be replicated?

A

Each daughter cell needs an identical copy of the DNA

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22
Q

DNA replication is what type of replication?

A

Semi-conservative replication

23
Q

What enzyme unwinds and opens up the DNA helix?

A

Helicase (by breaking the hydrogen bonds between nucleotides)

24
Q

What structures are formed when DNA opens up?

A

Replication forks (Y-shaped structures); point where splitting starts

25
Q

What macromolecule is DNA and RNA?

A

Nucleic Acid

26
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are in the base pairs?

A

3 hydrogen bonds for G and C; 2 hydrogen bonds for A and T

27
Q

Each somatic cell has how many DNA molecules in its nucleus?

A

46 DNA molecules (one for each chromosome)

28
Q

What two strands are created when DNA is split into two?

A

The leading strand and the lagging strand

29
Q

How is the second strand for the leading strand created?

A

DNA polymarase adds the matching nucleotides on the main stem

30
Q

What is a primer?

A

Something that hooks onto the leading strand in order for DNA polymarase to making the new DNA strand

31
Q

DNA polymarase can only copy strands in?

A

strands in the 5’ to 3’ direction

32
Q

What is the first step for making the second strand for the lagging strand?

A

RNA polymarase adds the matching bases, while occasionally laying down a RNA primer. This primer allows the DNA polymarase to do its job. This whole process is done BACKWARDS along the strand. This is done in SHORT PIECES called Okazaki fragments.

33
Q

What is the second step in making the second strand of the lagging strand?

A

A different type of DNA polymarase goes over the new bases and replaces the RNA primers (since RNA uses U instead of T).

34
Q

What is the third and last step for making the second strand of the lagging strand?

A

DNA ligase connects all the Okazaki fragments (the space between the fragments are where the primers are)

35
Q

Telomere

A

Repetitive DNA sequences that prevent the ends of DNA from fraying; is connected with aging (aging correlates with the lessening of telomeres); acts like the caps of your shoelaces

36
Q

Telomerase

A

Enzyme that reverses the shortening of Telomeres (by extending them)

37
Q

What are the differences between Prokayotic and Eukaryotic DNA replication?

A

Prokayotes do not have telemerase, its chromosome structure is circular (compared to the staight structure of eukaryotes), theres only one origin of replication and it replicated faster (1000 nucleotides per second compared to 50-100 nucleotides per second)

38
Q

DNA base matching mistakes (ie. pairing A with G instead of T) is fixed by the?

A

DNA polymerase

39
Q

Uncorrected base pair mistakes result in a?

A

Mutation

40
Q

Transcription occurs between?

A

DNA and mRNA

41
Q

Transcription bubble

A

Area where the DNA helix is unwinded for transcription

42
Q

Promoter

A

Where DNA transcription starts (usually upstream of the regulated genes, before the transcription bubble); TATAAAA/ATATTTT (TATA box)

43
Q

What does upstream and downstream mean in DNA transcription?

A

5’ to 3’ is upstream, 3’ to 5’ is downstream

44
Q

What is the first step of DNA transcription?

A

RNA polymerase copys the DNA sequence into the language of mRNA (downstream of TATA box); it stops where the termination site is

45
Q

RNA splicing

A

The removal of unneccessary information during the first step of DNA transcription (the introns are what is removed and the exons are what is kept)

46
Q

Where does the mRNA go after transcription?

A

The ribosomes (rRNA)

47
Q

How are nucleotides translated into animo acids?

A

tRNAs (one end of them is the amino acid and the other end is the complementary three specific nitrogenous bases that codes for it)

48
Q

How does the ribosome match the triple codeons with its corresponding amino acid?

A

Ribosomes read the triple codeon (the 3 nucleotides) in the mRNA and matches it to the correct tRNA.

49
Q

What happens to the amino acids in translations?

A

They connect together into a polypeptide chain (its tRNA gets discarded)

50
Q

What is the primary structure for protein?

A

The sequences of amino acids (from translation)

51
Q

What is the secondary structure for protein?

A

The formation of sheets and spirals from those sequences of amino acids (they alone are single file)

52
Q

What is the tertiary structure of proteins?

A

R-group bonds; it is now a 3-D structure

53
Q

What is the quaternary structure of protein?

A

Multiple protein chains together

Modern Bio (2 decks)

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