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Biology > DNA, Cell Cycle, Mutations, and Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

DNA, Cell Cycle, Mutations, and Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

spindle fibers align the chromosomes line up at the equator (middle) of the cell

A

Mitosis- Metaphase

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2
Q

DNA condenses into chromosomes, nucleus breaks down

A

Mitosis- Prophase

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3
Q

Final preparation for cell division

A

Interphase- G2 phase

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4
Q

Chromosomes arrive at the opposite ends of the cell; the nucleus reforms

A

Mitosis- Telophase

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5
Q

Cell is undergoing normal growth and development

A

Interphase- G1 phase

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6
Q

Division of the cytoplasm; cell splits into two cells

A

Cytokinesis

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7
Q

Sister chromatids are pulled apart

A

Mitosis- Anaphase

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8
Q

Cell preparing for division; DNA replicates

A

Interphase- S phase

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9
Q

What is the order of mitosis?

A

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

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10
Q

What is the end result of mitosis and cytokinesis?

A

2 identical daughter cells

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11
Q

What is a diploid?

A

2 sets of chromosomes - 1 from mom set and 1 from dad set

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12
Q

What are mutations?

A

change in DNA sequence

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13
Q

What causes mutations?

A

Environmental factors; for example toxic chemicals, X-rays, UV radiation, infectious agents, these factors are called mutagens

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14
Q

What is point mutation?

A

is a change in a single nucleotide in a gene

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15
Q

What is frameshift mutation?

A

involves one or more nucleotide changes. Changes the entire protein

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16
Q

How is it possible that a mutation may have no effect?

A

It made changes in one nucleotide or nitrogen base, so it doesn’t change the amino acid, same AA, same protein

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17
Q

What is cancer?

A

uncontrolled growth of cells

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18
Q

When is a gene mutation passed to your offspring?

A

Gametes- yes, sex cells are passed on
Somatic- no, body cells are not

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19
Q

What is a germ line cell?

A

A cell that will develop into a gamete precursor cell. Once the reproductive cells develop they migrate and take up residence inside egg-producing ovaries or sperm-producing testes.

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20
Q

What makes DNA different that RNA?

A
  • double-stranded
  • deoxyribose
  • base pair-rule: A=T G=C
  • stay in the nucleus
  • genetic info
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21
Q

What makes RNA different that DNA?

A
  • single-stranded
  • ribose
  • base pair-rule: A=U G=C
  • leaves the nucleus and goes into the cytoplasm
  • helps make proteins
  • with genetic info
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22
Q

What do DNA and RNA have in common?

A
  • nucleic acid
  • monomer: nucleotide
  • make proteins
23
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

writes or transcribes genetic information from DNA in the nucleus, then carries it to cytoplasm, to a ribosome

24
Q

What does a tRNA do?

A

carries and transfers the amino acid to the mRNA in a ribosome

25
Q

What are the two processes in synthesizing a protein?

A
  1. transcription- mRNA is created from DNA. RNA polymerase unwinds/unzips DNA and attaches RNA nucleotides, mRNA (the message) leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome.
  2. translation- rRNA translates the message using tRNA that transfers the amino acid
26
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase?

A

unzips DNA and add nucleotides to mRNA

27
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

subcellular particle consisting of 2 parts assembled by the nucleous, it serves as the site of protein synthesis

28
Q

What is a protein?

A

proteins/polypeptides are polymers that are made up of 100’s of amino acids bound together by ribosomes

29
Q

What are simple definitions of transcribing and translation?

A

transcribe: transfer information from a strand of DNA to a strand of RNA
translate: transfer of information on mRNA into a protein (polypeptide) by a ribosome

30
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

called strands of DNA and proteins. Contain the genes of the organism

31
Q

What did Fredrick Griffith do?

A

developed the transforming principles, genetic material is transferred between one organism to the next

32
Q

What did Erwin Chargaff do?

A

discovered the base-pairing rules, the amount of A=T C=G

33
Q

What did Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins do?

A

used Xray crystallography to discover DNA is a double helix

34
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick do?

A

used Franklin’s picture to build the first model of DNA

35
Q

What type of organic molecule is DNA? (monomer, dimer, polymer)?

A

nucleic acid, monomer=nucleotides, dimer=2 nucleotides, and polymer=entire DNA molecule

36
Q

What is the subunit/monomer of DNA?

A

nucleotide

37
Q

What type of sugar is found in DNA?

A

deoxyribose

38
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A

phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogen base (ATCG)

39
Q

How are nitrogen bases held together?

A

hydrogen bonds

40
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

contains the genetic information to make protein in the body

41
Q

If all living organisms have DNA, how can life be so diverse?

A

the sequence (order) of the bases in DNA

42
Q

Where is DNA located in a eukaryotic cell and where in a prokaryotic cell?

A
  • nucleus
  • free floating (nucleoid region)
43
Q

Why do cells need to replicate their DNA?

A

so that in cell division, when one cell duplicates into two cells, the new cells has DNA

44
Q

What are the steps in order of DNA replication?

A
  1. helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the bases
  2. DNA polymerase begins to add nucleotides to the two sides
  3. 2 identical, semiconservative strands are provided
45
Q

What are the two main enzymes that help during DNA replication and what are their functions? (all enzymes are proteins but not all proteins are enzymes)

A

helicase- breaks the hydrogen bonds
DNA polymerase- builds the new DNA strands

46
Q

Where does the DNA strand split into two for DNA replication?

A

nucleus, between the nitrogen bases

47
Q

What does it mean for cell replication to be semi-conservative?

A

half of the DNA is from the original and the other half is newly built DNA

48
Q

Why does cell division occur?

A

to help the organism grow and develop

49
Q

What are chromosomes, chromatin, and chromatids?

A

chromosomes are the whole structure and are two coiled chromatids, chromatids are one of the strands that make up a chromosome, and chromatin is what the chromosomes are made up of and what is in interphase before chromosomes

50
Q

What occurs in all of the stages of the cell cycle?

A

G1 phase: growth, protein synthesis
S phase: DNA replication
G2 phase: growth, preparation for division
M phase: nuclear division

51
Q

What type of cell undergo mitosis?

A

Body cells

52
Q

What is the difference between cytokinesis in plant cells and animal cells?

A

cell plate=animals cells, becomes cell walls

53
Q

What causes cancer?

A

uncontrolled cell division

Biology (2 decks)

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