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Biology > DNA And RNA > Flashcards

DNA And RNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA
location
How may strands

A

Deoxribonucleic acid
Located inside the nucleus
Two strands

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2
Q

DNA also found

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

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3
Q

4 bases

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cystosine

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4
Q

Bonds of bases

A

A—>T

G—>C

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5
Q

What shape DNA

A

Double helix

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6
Q

Gene

A

Gene is a section of DNA that causes the production of protein

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7
Q

Codon

A

Sequence of three bases

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8
Q

Non coding DNA

A

They do not have a code for the formation of a protein

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9
Q

DNA replication

A

When mitosis occurs one cell divides into two identical daughter cells
Occurs so there is a direct copy of the DNA for mitosis to occur
Occurs during interphase

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10
Q

How does DNA replication occur

A

Double helix unwinds
Enzymes break bonds between base pairs
Other DNA bases enter the nucleus and join with the exposed DNA strand
Each new strand is identical to the original strand

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11
Q

DNA profiling

A

A method of making a unique pattern of bands from the DNA of a person which is then used to tell the difference of that DNA from another DNA

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12
Q

Method of DNA profile

A

DNA is released
DNA is cut into fragments
Fragments are depressed
Patterns are compared

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13
Q

DNA is released

A

DNA is released by the breaking down if the cell

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14
Q

DNA is cut into fragments

A

Is listed DNA is cut into fragments using enzymes (restriction enzymes) depending on the sequence of bases

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15
Q

Fragments are superstars

A

Separated based on their size
Separated by a process called gel electrophoresis
Electric current us passed through the gel which allows band of small DNA fragments to be separated
Smaller fragments move quicker

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16
Q

Applications

A

Crime-determining if people were at crime scenes

Medical-father of child

17
Q

Genetic screening

A

Is testing DNA for the presence or absence of a certain gene or an altered gene

18
Q

Altered genes

A

Can altered by mutations
Do not have correct code for the production of protein
Genetic disorders caused by mutations- cystic fibrosis

19
Q

What is genetic screening used for

A

Adult screening- see if they are carriers for a certain disease
Foetal screening- tested for genetic disorders

20
Q

Nucleotide

A

DNA is made up of units called nucleotides

Long chain of nucleotides called polynucleotide

21
Q

Structure of nucleotide

A

P
\
Deoxyribose—-A

22
Q

What holds bonds together

A

Hydrogen bonds

23
Q

Bonds between a bases

A

A and T form 2 weak hydrogen bonds

G and C form three hydrogen bonds

24
Q

Purine (double ringed molecules)

A

Adenine and guanine

25
Q

Pyrimidine bases (single ringed molecules)

A

Thymine and Cystosine

26
Q

What scientists discovered DNA

A

Francis crick and James watson

27
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid
Consists of four bases
Uracil instead of thymine
Single stranded

28
Q

Differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA
Has bases AT GC
Double stranded
Found in the nucleus

RNA
Has the bases AU GC
Single stranded
Found in nucleus and cytoplasm

29
Q

Major steps I protein synthesis

A

Transcription=making of mRNA from DNA

Translation=making of protein depending on the RNA code

30
Q

Three types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA mRNA
Transfer RNA tRNA
ribosomal RNA rRNA

31
Q

Steps Involved in protein synthesis

A

Enzymes start to unwind the DNA double helix
Complimentary RNA bases join to the exposed DNA strand-transcription
Enzyme RNA polymerase joins the RNA bases together to form mRNA
mRNA moves from the nucleus to cytoplasm
rRNA are found in the ribosome
mRNA then moves into the ribosome and forms a weak bond with rRNA
tRNA is found in the cytoplasm, contains an anticodon attached to an amino acid
tRNA is attached to the mRNA in the ribosome
The anticodon on the tRNA compliments the codon on the mRNA
As the tRNA attach to the mRNA in the ribosome it also brings with it an animal acid
As the tRNA continue to enter the ribosome the amino acids detach from the tRNA and bond together to form a protein
tRNA leave the ribosome without any amino acids and pull with it the mRNA strand out of ribosome
Process stops when stop codon has been reached

Biology (14 decks)

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