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UCLMS Yr 1 Mod 1: Foundations of Health and Medical Practice > DNA and RNA > Flashcards

DNA and RNA Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 bases in DNA

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine

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2
Q

What are the 4 bases for RNA

A

Adenine, Guanine, Uracil and Cytosine

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3
Q

Which bases are Purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

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4
Q

Which bases are Pyrimidines

A

Uracil, Thymine and Cytosine

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5
Q

What are Purines

A

Double Ring nucleotide bases

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6
Q

What are pyrimidines

A

Single ring nucleotide bases

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7
Q

What is the difference in chemical structure between DNA and RNA

A

RNA has a Hydroxyl (OH) group on 2C whereas DNA only has a Hydrogen (H)

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7
Q

What is the difference in chemical structure between DNA and RNA

A

RNA has a Hydroxyl (OH) group on 2C whereas DNA only has a Hydrogen (H)

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8
Q

Which carbon do the nucleotides attach

A

Carbon 1

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9
Q

Which carbon do the nucleotides attach

A

Carbon 1

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10
Q

Which Carbon does the phosphate group attach

A

Carbon 5

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11
Q

What is the structure of Deoxyadenosine Triphosphate (dATP)

A

Adenine
Deoxyribose Sugar
3x Phosphate

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12
Q

What is the Structure of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

Adenine
Ribose Sugar
3x Phosphate

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13
Q

In DNA, how do the bases bind

A

AT (2 hydrogen bonds)

CG (3 hydrogen bonds)

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14
Q

What is the structure of DNA (4)

A

Double-Stranded
Anti-parallel
Complementary
Sugar Phosphate backbone

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15
Q

How does Cytosine and Guanine form hydrogen bonds

A

C/G
H-O
N-H
O-H

16
Q

How does Thymine and Adenine form Hydrogen bonds

A

T/A
O-H
H-N

17
Q

DNA Replication is …

A

Semi-conservative

18
Q

How is DNA Replication started (4)

A

DnaA protein binds and begins the separation of strands
DnaB protein (helicase) further opens strands
Single-stranded binding protein (SSB) prevents the strands from re-joining
Replication can now begin

19
Q

During Replication, which direction is DNA synthesised

A

5’ to 3’

20
Q

How is DNA synthesised on the Leading Strand

A

RNA Primer added

DNA polymerase works 5’ to 3’ (towards the replication fork)

21
Q

How is DNA Synthesised in the lagging strand

A

Multiple RNA primers attached

Okazaki fragments created in a discontinuous synthesis

22
Q

How is DNA polymerase proof read

A

DNA polymerase 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity cleaves incorrect nucleotide

23
Q

How does Sanger DNA Sequencing work (6)

A

Primer binds next to the region of interest
Adds Nucleotide analogue ddNTP to prevent the further synthesis
This results in the formation of extension products (EP)
The EP is separated by Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)
A laser exited the dye-labelled DNA fragments as they pass through a tiny window at the end of the capillary
A software then detects and interprets the dye

24
Q

How does Illumina sequencing work (5)

A

Large DNA molecules are fragmented
Ligated to short adaptors and attached to a surface chamber
All four dNTPs are added, with specific dye and terminator
one cycle = one nucleotide added = one specific colour
process repeated, adding one nucleotide at a time and imaging between

25
Q

How does PCR work (5)

A 
Amplification of specific regions from a complex background
Denaturation of DNA at 75 DegC
Annealing of DNA at 55DegC
Extension of DNA with DNA polymerase
Steps repeated 25-40 times
26
Q

What does describing transcription and translation as coupled mean

A

They occur in the same compartment at the same time

27
Q

What are the steps in Transcription (4)

A

DNA is copied to form mRNA
‘Cap’ (7-methyl guanosine) added to the 5’ end of the mRNA
RNA is spliced (introns removed) to form mature mRNA
Poly A tail added to the 3’ end

28
Q

What are the steps in Translation (3)

A

Mature mRNA enters Ribosome
Codon on the mRNA complementary to that of conjugate anticodon on tRNA
Amino acids on the tRNA bind to form polypeptide chain

29
Q

What is the Wobble Mechanism

A

The 3rd base on the codon can pair with multiple bases

Can cause unusual base pairings, such as G-U

UCLMS Yr 1 Mod 1: Foundations of Health and Medical Practice (6 decks)

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