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Biology Paper 1 (1-4) > DNA And Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

DNA And Protein Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Define genome

A
  • the complete set of genes in a cell
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2
Q

Define proteome

A
  • the full range of proteins that a cell is able to produce
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3
Q

What is a phosphodiester bond?

A
  • bond between Pentose sugar of one nucleotide and phosphate of another nucleotide
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4
Q

Describe the structure of tRNA

A
  • single stranded but folded to create a clover leaf shape held in place by hydrogen bonds
  • contains amino acid attachment site
  • contains anticodon
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5
Q

Describe the structure of mRNA

A
  • single stranded
  • short
  • contains codons
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6
Q

Compare the structure of tRNA and mRNA

A
  • tRNA contains anticodon whereas mRNA contains codon
  • tRNA contains amino acid attachment site whereas mRNA does not
  • tRNA contains double stranded sections mRNA does not
  • both contain nitrogenous bases
  • both contain uracil
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7
Q

What is transcription?

A
  • production of mRNA from DNA
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8
Q

What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?

A
  • forms phosphodiester bonds between adjacent RNA nucleotides
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9
Q

What is translation?

A
  • production of polypeptides from the sequence of codons carried by mRNA
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10
Q

In prokaryotes, what does transcription result in?

A
  • production of mRNA from DNA
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11
Q

In eukaryotes, what does transcription result in?

A
  • production of pre-mRNA; this is then spliced to form mRNA
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12
Q

What is the role of the ribosomes?

A
  • protein synthesis
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13
Q

What is the role of tRNA?

A
  • to attach to one of the 20 amino acids and transfer this amino acid to the ribosome to create the polypeptide chain
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14
Q

What is the role of mRNA?

A
  • leaves nucleus to carry the copy of the genetic code of one gene to a ribosome in the cytoplasm
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15
Q

Describe the process of transcription

A
  • enzyme DNA helicase unwinds DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds, RNA polymerase attaches to DNA
  • Free RNA nucleotides align to DNA template strand by complementary base pairing
  • RNA polymerase forms phosphodiester bonds between the adjacent RNA nucleotides
  • forms pre mRNA in eukaryotes and goes through process of splicing where introns are removed (non coding DNA) and when RNA polymerase reaches stop codon mRNA detaches from DNA
  • This process takes place in the nucleus and leaves through nuclear pores
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16
Q

Describe the process of translation

A
  • once modified mRNA leaves nucleus it attaches to ribosome in cytoplasm
  • ribosome attaches at start codon
  • tRNA molecule with the complementary anticodon to the start codon align opposite the mRNA held in place by ribosome
  • ribosome will move along the mRNA molecule to enable another complementary tRNA to attach to the next codon on the mRNA
  • Two amino acids that have been delivered by the tRNA molecule are joined by a peptide bond and is catalysed by an enzyme and requires ATP
  • this continues until ribosome reaches stop codon at the end of the mRNA molecule. The stop codon does not code for an amino acid and therefore the ribosome detaches and translation ends
  • the polypeptide chain is now created and will enter the Golgi body for folding and modification
17
Q

Where does transcription take place?

18
Q

Where does translation take place?

A
  • ribosomes in cytoplasm
19
Q

What protein splices introns?

A
  • splicesome
20
Q

What is the role of RNA?

A
  • copy and transfer the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes
21
Q

What is RNA?

A
  • polymer of a nucleotide formed of a ribose, nitrogenous base and phosphate group
22
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases in RNA?

A
  • adenine
  • uracil
  • guanine
  • cytosine
23
Q

Draw and label tRNA

A
  • clover leaf shape
  • anticodon
  • amino acid attachment site
24
Q

What is mRNA?

A
  • copy of a gene from DNA
25
Q

Why is the whole DNA not used in protein synthesis?

A
  • too large to leave nucleus
  • risk of being damaged by enzymes destroying the genetic code permanently
26
Q

Why is mRNA short lived?

A
  • only needed temporarily to help create a protein, by the time any enzymes could break it down it would have already carried out its function
27
Q

What are the three bases on mRNA called?

28
Q

Where is mRNA found?

29
Q

Where is tRNA found?

30
Q

What determines the specific amino acid attaching to the specific tRNA molecules?

A
  • 3 bases found on the tRNA which are complementary to the 3 bases on mRNA
31
Q

What is rRNA?

A
  • type of RNA that combines with proteins to make a ribosome
32
Q

Compare DNA and RNA monomers

A
  • DNA contains base thymine whereas RNA contains uracil
  • DNA contains the Pentose sugar deoxyribose whereas RNA contains the Pentose sugar ribose
33
Q

Compare DNA and RNA polymers

A
  • DNA is larger as it contains entire genome whereas RNA is shorter as it is only the length of one gene
  • DNA is solve strands whereas RNA is single stranded

Biology Paper 1 (1-4) (28 decks)

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