Dna And Protein Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

genes

A

sequence of DNA nucleotides coding for protein

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2
Q

structure of DNA

A

double helix joined by phosodiseter bonds
due to condensation reaction
A, T , C, G nitrogenous bases between h bonds
polymer
dexribose sugar

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3
Q

helix

A

compact shape
protection

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4
Q

double strand

A

acts as template
prtection
stability

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5
Q

DNA replication are semi consertative

A

dna helixase breaks the hydrogen bonds seperate the starns to each acts as template
dna nucleotides exposed joined by by specific complematry baes A and T , C and G
DNA polymerase joines the 2 strands by phosphodieter bonds

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6
Q

structure of mRNA and functions

A

synthesis of protein
linear
condon

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7
Q

structure and functions of tRNA

A

clover shape
anticodon
binding site for the specific amino acids

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8
Q

RNA structure

A

pentrose sugar
U and A , C and G
single strands

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9
Q

dna in prokaryotes

A

shorter
not associates with protein
circular

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10
Q

alleles

A

different version of the same genes

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11
Q

homologous pair

A

2 chroomsomes one from paternal and another from maternal
joined by centrmer
determining the same charactersitc or genes but could be different alleles

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12
Q

genetic codes features

A

non- overlappig
universal
degenerate

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13
Q

introns

A

non coding bases

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14
Q

multiplies repeats

A

same bases sequence ocuuring again and again in DNA that are sometime non-coding

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15
Q

genome

A

complete set of genes

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16
Q

protenome

A

full range of protein

17
Q

transcription steps

A

nucleus
unwinds of strands acts as template
rna nucleoides along dna nucleotides bases U with A , C and G
using RNA polymerase
spilicing occurs removed intons andf only exons left

18
Q

translation

A

mRNA binds to ribosomes
tRNA with complemantary anticodon binds to codon on mRNA
ribosomes has 2 binding sites 2 tRNA and mRNA codon can binds together
-2 amino acids from 1st and 2nd tRNA joins by peptide bond via condensation
- tRNA moves away from ribosome leaving amino acid collecting another amino acid from pool
- ribosomes moves along mRNA until reaches stop codon

19
Q

genetic codes for dna and trna

A

are the same execpt thymin replces uracil

20
Q

substition

A

non-functional protein/functional
replacement of single base

21
Q

deletion

A

frame shirt
non-functional protein

22
Q

addidition

A

frame shirt
non-functional protein

23
Q

inversion

A

sequence are reversed

24
Q

translocation

A

sequence bases is moved from 1 location to another part of geonome

25
how effects of mutation ?
hydrogen and ionic bonds , disulfied bond alteration alteration in active site tertiary structure alteration
26
proto-oncogenes
stimulates cell division mutated oncogene stimualted todovoode too quickly
27
tumour suppressor genes
slow cel divsion - mutated causes to divide too quicly
28
transcription factor
protein binds to promoter region within DNA stimulates / inibiting transcription
29
regulation of transcription by oestrogen
lipid and steriod bind to receptor to TF enter nucleus binding oestrogen change shape of TF to become specifically to promoter sequence RNA polymerase attath +catalyse increase the expession
30
regulation of translation
- double strands RNA broken down by enzyme into siRNA - each strands with enzyme binds - siRNA strands pairs with complemantary base on mRNA - enzyme cuts the mRNA in to smaller seaction