Dna And Protein Synthesis Flashcards
genes
sequence of DNA nucleotides coding for protein
structure of DNA
double helix joined by phosodiseter bonds
due to condensation reaction
A, T , C, G nitrogenous bases between h bonds
polymer
dexribose sugar
helix
compact shape
protection
double strand
acts as template
prtection
stability
DNA replication are semi consertative
dna helixase breaks the hydrogen bonds seperate the starns to each acts as template
dna nucleotides exposed joined by by specific complematry baes A and T , C and G
DNA polymerase joines the 2 strands by phosphodieter bonds
structure of mRNA and functions
synthesis of protein
linear
condon
structure and functions of tRNA
clover shape
anticodon
binding site for the specific amino acids
RNA structure
pentrose sugar
U and A , C and G
single strands
dna in prokaryotes
shorter
not associates with protein
circular
alleles
different version of the same genes
homologous pair
2 chroomsomes one from paternal and another from maternal
joined by centrmer
determining the same charactersitc or genes but could be different alleles
genetic codes features
non- overlappig
universal
degenerate
introns
non coding bases
multiplies repeats
same bases sequence ocuuring again and again in DNA that are sometime non-coding
genome
complete set of genes
protenome
full range of protein
transcription steps
nucleus
unwinds of strands acts as template
rna nucleoides along dna nucleotides bases U with A , C and G
using RNA polymerase
spilicing occurs removed intons andf only exons left
translation
mRNA binds to ribosomes
tRNA with complemantary anticodon binds to codon on mRNA
ribosomes has 2 binding sites 2 tRNA and mRNA codon can binds together
-2 amino acids from 1st and 2nd tRNA joins by peptide bond via condensation
- tRNA moves away from ribosome leaving amino acid collecting another amino acid from pool
- ribosomes moves along mRNA until reaches stop codon
genetic codes for dna and trna
are the same execpt thymin replces uracil
substition
non-functional protein/functional
replacement of single base
deletion
frame shirt
non-functional protein
addidition
frame shirt
non-functional protein
inversion
sequence are reversed
translocation
sequence bases is moved from 1 location to another part of geonome
how effects of mutation ?
hydrogen and ionic bonds , disulfied bond alteration
alteration in active site
tertiary structure alteration
proto-oncogenes
stimulates cell division
mutated oncogene stimualted todovoode too quickly
tumour suppressor genes
slow cel divsion
- mutated causes to divide too quicly
transcription factor
protein
binds to promoter region within DNA stimulates / inibiting transcription
regulation of transcription by oestrogen
lipid and steriod
bind to receptor to TF
enter nucleus
binding oestrogen change shape of TF to become specifically to promoter sequence
RNA polymerase attath +catalyse
increase the expession
regulation of translation
- double strands RNA broken down by enzyme into siRNA
- each strands with enzyme binds
- siRNA strands pairs with complemantary base on mRNA
- enzyme cuts the mRNA in to smaller seaction
