Dna And Protein Synthesis

Question 1

genes

Answer 1

sequence of DNA nucleotides coding for protein

Question 2

structure of DNA

Answer 2

double helix joined by phosodiseter bonds
due to condensation reaction
A, T , C, G nitrogenous bases between h bonds
polymer
dexribose sugar

Question 3

helix

Answer 3

compact shape
protection

Question 4

double strand

Answer 4

acts as template
prtection
stability

Question 5

DNA replication are semi consertative

Answer 5

dna helixase breaks the hydrogen bonds seperate the starns to each acts as template
dna nucleotides exposed joined by by specific complematry baes A and T , C and G
DNA polymerase joines the 2 strands by phosphodieter bonds

Question 6

structure of mRNA and functions

Answer 6

synthesis of protein
linear
condon

Question 7

structure and functions of tRNA

Answer 7

clover shape
anticodon
binding site for the specific amino acids

Question 8

RNA structure

Answer 8

pentrose sugar
U and A , C and G
single strands

Question 9

dna in prokaryotes

Answer 9

shorter
not associates with protein
circular

Question 10

alleles

Answer 10

different version of the same genes

Question 11

homologous pair

Answer 11

2 chroomsomes one from paternal and another from maternal
joined by centrmer
determining the same charactersitc or genes but could be different alleles

Question 12

genetic codes features

Answer 12

non- overlappig
universal
degenerate

Question 13

introns

Answer 13

non coding bases

Question 14

multiplies repeats

Answer 14

same bases sequence ocuuring again and again in DNA that are sometime non-coding

Question 15

genome

Answer 15

complete set of genes

Question 16

protenome

Answer 16

full range of protein

Question 17

transcription steps

Answer 17

nucleus
unwinds of strands acts as template
rna nucleoides along dna nucleotides bases U with A , C and G
using RNA polymerase
spilicing occurs removed intons andf only exons left

Question 18

translation

Answer 18

mRNA binds to ribosomes
tRNA with complemantary anticodon binds to codon on mRNA
ribosomes has 2 binding sites 2 tRNA and mRNA codon can binds together
-2 amino acids from 1st and 2nd tRNA joins by peptide bond via condensation
- tRNA moves away from ribosome leaving amino acid collecting another amino acid from pool
- ribosomes moves along mRNA until reaches stop codon

Question 19

genetic codes for dna and trna

Answer 19

are the same execpt thymin replces uracil

Question 20

substition

Answer 20

non-functional protein/functional
replacement of single base

Question 21

deletion

Answer 21

frame shirt
non-functional protein

Question 22

addidition

Answer 22

frame shirt
non-functional protein

Question 23

inversion

Answer 23

sequence are reversed

Question 24

translocation

Answer 24

sequence bases is moved from 1 location to another part of geonome

Question 25

how effects of mutation ?

Answer 25

hydrogen and ionic bonds , disulfied bond alteration
alteration in active site
tertiary structure alteration

Question 26

proto-oncogenes

Answer 26

stimulates cell division
mutated oncogene stimualted todovoode too quickly

Question 27

tumour suppressor genes

Answer 27

slow cel divsion
- mutated causes to divide too quicly

Question 28

transcription factor

Answer 28

protein
binds to promoter region within DNA stimulates / inibiting transcription

Question 29

regulation of transcription by oestrogen

Answer 29

lipid and steriod
bind to receptor to TF
enter nucleus
binding oestrogen change shape of TF to become specifically to promoter sequence
RNA polymerase attath +catalyse
increase the expession

Question 30

regulation of translation

Answer 30

• double strands RNA broken down by enzyme into siRNA
• each strands with enzyme binds
• siRNA strands pairs with complemantary base on mRNA
• enzyme cuts the mRNA in to smaller seaction