DNA and protein synthesis Flashcards
gene
base sequence of DNA that codes for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide or a functioning RNA
genome
complete set of genes present in a cell
where is a full genome present
every cell of an organism
where is a genome expressed
not every gene is expressed in every cell, which genes are expressed depends on the type of cell
what controls what genes are expressed
the type of cell
proteome
full range of proteins a cell is able to produce
is genome or proteome typically larger
proteome
why is proteome typically larger than the genome
-large amount of post-transnational modification of proteins
-each gene is also capable of producing multiple different proteins by alternative splicing
similarities of DNA and RNA
-both polynucleotide as made of many nucleotide together in a long chain
-both contain nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine and cytosine
what is similar about chain of DNA and RNA
both polynucleotide as made of many nucleotide linked together in a long chain
similarities of bases in DNA and RNA
both have adenine, guanine and thymine
differences in DNA and RNA
-DNA contains nitrogenous thymine by RNA contains nitrogenous uracil
-RNA has pentose sugar ribose and DNA has pentose sugar deoxyribse
difference in nitrogenous based of DNA and RNA
DNA has thymine and RNA has uracil
difference of pentose sugars of DNA and RNA
DNA has deocyribose and RNA has ribose
strand of DNA
double-stranded
strand of RNA
single-stranded
structure of RNA
-ribose (pentose sugar)
-phosphate group
-nitrogenous base of A,U,C,G
structure of DNA
-deoxyribose (pentose suagr)
-phosphate group
-nitrogenous base A,T,C,G
what is each RNA polynucleotide strand made of
alternating ribose sugars and phosphate groups linked together, with the nitrogenous bases of each nucleotide projecting out sideways from the single-stranded RNA molecule
phosphodiester bonds
the sugar-phosphate bonds between different nucleotides in the same strand are covalent bonds
what do phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides form
the sugar-phosphate backbone of the RNA polynucleotide strand
what do the phosphodiester bonds link
link the 5-carbon of one ribose sugar molecule to the phosphate group from the same nucleotide, which itself is kinked by another phosphodiester bond to the 3-carbon of the ribose sugar of the next molecule in the strand
strand of mRNA
single stranded
what is mRNA made of
sugar-phosphate backbone and exposed unpaired bases (A,U,C,G)
tRNA strands
single-stranded
what is tRNA made of
sugar-phosphate backbone
tRNA shape
folded or clover leaf shape as hydrogen bonds between some complementary base pairs
where do amino acids bind to tRNA
specific region of the molecule
what is the anticodon in tRNA complementary to
specific codon on mRNA molecule
what is a gene
base sequence of DNA that codes for the amino acids sequence of a polypeptide or functional RNA molecule