DNA And Production Of Protiens And Protiens In Depth Flashcards
What are chromosomes
Chromosomes are found in the nucleus they contain genetic info.Humans have 46 so 23 pairs.gamtes have the amount and so do mature red blood cells.genese are in the chromosomes they contain the code to make proteins like analyse and insulin.A gene is a section of DNA.
Structure of the dna
The dna is made of nucleotides peach nucleotide is made of a base and a P(phosphate) wich btw is a sugar
How is sugar phosphate backbone formed
A covalent bind forms between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of another nucleotide.
Why is there a twist in the double stranded helix
Becuase of the weak hydrogen bonds between the comeplemntsry base pairing
What are proteins
Proteins are made by element like hydrogen carbon oxygen and nitrogen.They are made of amino acids.The dna base sequence (thymine guanine etc) affects the order of the amino acids,They are linked to each other.The amino acids join together to form proteins.Proteins are needed for things like cellular activity ex hormone, enzyme antibodies.
What is the complicated process of proteins syntheses
Dna remains in the nucleus.The MRNA carries a copy of the genetic information in dna from the nucleus to ribosomes (site of protein synthesis).This can happen due to complimentary base pairing.MORE DEPTH Transfer mRNA carries the amino acids to the ribosomes wher they are temporarily matches up to there triplet of bases in the mRNA.These amonio acids then bond to form the polypeptide chain, each protein is different bc of the order of amino acids .The order of amino acids depends on the base pairing of the original dna.So we can say that the dna affects the order of amino acids therefore affecting order of the proteins.
Proteins
Proteins are made of amino acids.There are 20 different amino acids.Each amino acid is joined by a peptide bond to another.This forms a polypeptide chain.AS LEARNED BEFORE THE ORDER OF AMINO DELEND ON THE sequence of ORIGINAK BASE PAIRING IN DNA.
Look of proteins
Look of proteins repend on the number and sequence of amino acids,Protiens can be folded twisted or coiled.There shape is mainly due to the hydrogen bond between the amino acids (peptide bind).
The variety of protiens S.H.A.R.E p.s this covers a lot of the whole bio curriculum
Structural proteins-component fo muscles and tissue ex is muscle there specialised job is contractions
Others are
Hormones are chemical messengers directly secreted in the blood ex insulin speciality controls blood glucose levels
Antibodies produces lymphocytes to destroy them nasty pathogens ex imonugliblin speciality it provides immunity is in breast milk
Receptor proteins recognition of chemicals arriving at cell membrane ex insulin receptors speciality recognition of insulin.
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions are left unchanged ex lipase breaks down fats to glyerol and fatty acids
Talk about Enzymes the main type of protein
Enzymes are found in all living cells and they are biological catalysts.They speed up cellular reactions but are left unchanged.Without enzymes rate of reaction would be too slow for living cells to work.The enzyme basically reduce the energy needed for the reaction.
The 2 two types of enzyme catalysed reactions are p.s they got involve starch
Degradations-large to small
Ex digestive enzymes (amylaese) breaks starch to maltose
Synthese reaction-joins small ones to one big one
Enzyme phosphorylase builds up glucose-1-phosphate to starch
Different enzymes C.P.L.A.P
Catalase-produced in all cells the click in (substrate) hydrogen peroxide and it produces oxygen and water.This is a degradation reaction.
Other d reactions
Pepsin
Lipase
Amalyse
Synthese reactions is phosphorylase it is produces in potato the substance is glucose and phosphate the product is startch
