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SBI 3U1 > DNA and Meiosis > Flashcards

DNA and Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

What happens during metaphase I?

A

Homologous chromosomes line up in PAIRS in the middle of the cell.

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2
Q

What is a haploid cell? What is the haploid number in humans? Give an example.

A
  • A haploid cell is a cell with one set of chromosomes
  • 23
  • Sperm and egg
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3
Q

What is the biggest difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

A

In spermatogenesis 4 haploid cells form; only 1 mature egg forms in oogenesis (cytoplasm is unequally divided)

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4
Q

What is spermatogenesis? How many haploid cells form?

A

-Sperm production in males
-4 haploids from one diploid

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5
Q

What is a monomer of DNA?

A

A nucleotide

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6
Q

What is a monosomy?

A

The loss of a chromosome as a result of nondisjunction

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7
Q

What stage is this?

A

Anaphase II

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8
Q

What stage is this?

A

Metaphase II

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9
Q

What is the female karyotype?

A

XX

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10
Q

What stage is this?

A

Telophase II

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11
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases?
(Write out spelling)

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Thymine
  3. Guanine
  4. Cytosine
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12
Q

What happens during prophase I?
(Hint: 4 things)

A
  • Homologous chromosomes condense
  • Crossing over occurs
  • Nuclear membrane breaks down
  • Spindle fibres attach
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13
Q

What stage is this?

A

Telophase I

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14
Q

What happens during anaphase II?

A

-Chromosomes split at the centromere
-Sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell

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15
Q

What do the order of nitrogenous bases determine?

A

Gene function and traits

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16
Q

What stage is this?

A

Prophase I

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17
Q

What are purines? What are they?

A
  • Two ringed bases
  • Adenine and Guanine
18
Q

What happens during telophase II?

A

-Nuclei form around chromatids
-Spindle fibres break down

19
Q

What happens during crossing over?

A

Exchange of segments of chromosomes that occur between a pair of homologous chromosomes.

20
Q

What is a tetrad? What is an autosome?

A
  • A pair of homologous chromosomes
  • A NON-SEX chromome
21
Q

What are the two outcomes of meiosis?
Describe them.

A

Genetic reduction: Produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes of parents cells. (End product: 4 daughter cells)
Genetic Recombination: Products of meiosis have different combinations of alleles.

22
Q

What are pyrimidines? What are they?

A
  • One ringed bases
  • Thymine and Cytosine
23
Q

What are the remaining 3 haploid cells in oogenesis called? What is their function?

A

-Polar bodies
-Help with fertilization

24
Q

What is the male karyotype?

A

XY

25
Q

What stage is this?

A

Metaphase I

26
Q

What is a trisomy?

A

Gain of an extra chromosome as a result of nondisjunction

27
Q

What are the 4 errors in structure during meiosis? Describe them.

A

Deletion: A piece of a chromosome is deleted
Duplication: A section of a chromosome appears two or more times
Inversion: A section of a chromosome becomes inverted (ATTAG - GATTA)
Translocation: A large section of a chromosome attaches to another

28
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A
  1. Double Helix Shape
  2. Pentose Sugar and phosphate (sides of the ladder)
  3. Nitrogenous bases link with hydrogen bonds (steps of the ladder)
29
Q

What stage is this?

A

Prophase II

30
Q

What happens during anaphase I?

A

Homologous chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite sides of the cell.

31
Q

What happens during telophase I?
(Hint: 3 things)

A

-Spindle fibres break down
-Nuclear membrane begins to form around two nuclei
-Cytokinesis occurs and the cell separates into two daughter cells

32
Q

Define nondisjunction:

A

The failure of homologous chromosome pairs or sister chromatids to separate during meiosis

33
Q

What is a diploid cell? What is a diploid number in humans? Give an example.

A
  • A diploid cell is a cell with two sets of chromosomes
  • 46
  • Body cells
34
Q

What stage is this?

A

Anaphase I

35
Q

What happens during metaphase II?

A

Individual chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

36
Q

What is oogenesis? How many haploid cells form?

A

-Egg production in females
-1 MATURE EGG forms from one diploid

37
Q

What do nucleotide consist of?

A
  1. A phosphate group
  2. 5 carbon sugar
  3. Nitrogenous bases
38
Q

What is Chargaff’s rule?

A

Adenine binds with thymine (A+T)
Guanine binds with cytosine (G + C)

39
Q

What happens during prophase II?

A

Chromatin tighten and spindle fibres attach to chromosomes

40
Q

What is a homologous chromosome? Give an example.

A

One pair of chromosomes that share similar characteristics; one from each parent.
(Example: Similar length, similar centromere location, same genes in same spots)

SBI 3U1 (2 decks)

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