Anatomy & Physiology #1 Flashcards by Katelyn Mitchell-Sutcliffe

Digestive system: What is the stomach? What digestion occurs there?

Muscular “J” shaped organ
Mechanical: Walls of the stomach churns bolus into chyme
Chemical: Chief cells secrete pepsin which breaks down proteins into amino acids
Parietal cells: Secrete hydrochloric acid which breaks down most macromolecules and kills unwanted bacteria

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Describe chemical digestion:
Provide an example:

Chemical breakdown of nutrients into very small pieces so they can be absorbed into the circulatory system.

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Label these glands:

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Digestive system: What digestive enzymes are secreted in the pancreas? What are their purpose?

Trypsin and chymotrypsin: Break down polypeptides (proteins) into amino acids.
Sucrase, maltase, lipase: Break down disaccharides into monosaccharides
Nuclease: Breaks down DNA and RNA
Lipase: Breaks down small droplets of fat into fatty acids

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What is the monomer and polymer of a lipid?

Monomer: Fatty acid
Polymer: Triglyceride, phospholipid, steroid

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Digestive system: What is the esophagus? Describer peristalsis:

Muscular tube which passes food to the stomach.
Peristalsis: Muscular contractions that slowly move food from the mouth to the stomach.

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What is the function of a protein?

Growth and repair
Providing energy

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What is a heterotroph?

An organism that doesn’t make their own food.

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Digestive system: What is the purpose of the salivary glands?

Secrete saliva which contains amylase. Amylase breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides.

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Digestive system: What is the epiglottis?

Flap that covers the trachea when swallowing food

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Acronym

What is the structure of a nucleic acids?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphates

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What are the two types of of nucleic acids? Describe them.

DNA: Double stranded (Stores information)
RNA: Single stranded (Contributes to protein production)

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What is a polymer?

A chain of monomers linked together.

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What is the monomer and polymer of a nucleic acid?

Monomer: Nucleotide
Polymer: DNA or RNA

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Digestive system: What happens in the mouth?

Grinding and chewing turns food into bolus.

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Digestive system: What is the purpose of the liver? What is bile?

Produce bile, a fluid that breaks fat into smaller droplets

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Which macromolecule is this?

Lipid

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What are the three salivary glands and where are they located?

1) Parotid gland: Side of cheek
2) Sublingual: Under tongue
3) Submandibular: Under jaw

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Describe inhalation

Diaphragm contracts (goes down)
Intercostal muscles contract and cause the chest cavity to go up and out
This causes more space in the lungs decreasing the pressure. The oxygen in the surrounding environment is attracted to the low pressure environment, and comes rushing into the lungs.

Which macromolecule is this?

Nucleic Acid

Describe exhalation

Diaphragm relaxes (goes up)
Intercostal muscles contract and cause the chest cavity to go down and in.
This causes less space in the lungs and therefore more pressure. The oxygen in the lungs is attracted to the low pressure of the surrounding environment so air comes rushing out.

Digestive system: What is the pharynx? What are the three parts?

Entrance into the esophagus.
1) Nasopharynx
2) Oropharynx
3) Hypopharynx

What is the structure of a protein?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

What is the structure and function of a triglyceride?

Three Long hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids attached to a glycerol
Used for long term energy

Describe absorption:

The small intestine is lined with villi. Each villus contains capillary networks which bring blood close to the walls of the small intestine. When nutrients are broken down small enough, they cross into the bloodstream and into the circulatory system.

What is an autotroph?

An organism that makes its own food.

What is the monomer and polymer of a protein?

Monomer: Amino acid Polymer: Polypeptide

What is the structure of a lipid?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

What is the function of a carbohydrate?

Main source of energy

Digestive system: What is the purpose of the gall bladder? How does it connect to the small intestine?

Stores bile Connects to the small intestine through the common bile duct

Which macromolecule is this?

Protein

Which macromolecule is this?

Carbohydrate

Define pressure when breathing:

High pressure when breathing is caused by molecules pushing against the walls of the lungs. Low pressure is caused by larger space, giving molecules more space to move around.

Digestive system: What is the rectum/anus? What are the two sphincters?

Stores feces until full Internal sphincter: involuntary External sphincter: voluntary

Digestive system: What is the small intestine? What are the three parts?

Long tube where absorption begins. 1) Duodenum 2) Jejunum 3) Illeum

What is a monomer?

A single molecule

Digestive system: What is the purpose of the large intestine? What are the four parts?

To absorb water from chyme 1) Ascending colon 2) Transcending colon 3) Descending colon 4) Sigmoid colon

What is the structure and function of phospholipids?

- A hydrophilic head attached to two fatty acid chains - Form the cell membrane

What is the structure and function of steroids?

- Four interconnected carbon rings - Act as chemical messengers in the bloodstream so organs can "talk" to each other

What are the 4 types of macromolecules?

1) Carbohydrates 2) Lipids 3) Proteins 4) Nucleic Acids

What is the monomer and polymer of a carbohydrate?

Monomer: Monosaccharide Polymer: Disaccharide and polysaccharides

What is the structure of a carbohydrate?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

What is the function of a lipid? (3)

1) Long term energy source 2) Forms cell membranes 3) Act as messengers in the bloodstream

Describe heterotrophic food processing:

Ingestion: Taking food into the body through the alimentary canal Digestion: Breaking down of food into smaller molecules Absorption: Transport of nutrients into the circulatory system Elimination: Removal of waste

What are the three types of lipids? Describe them.

1) Triglyceride: - Three Long hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids attached to a glycerol - Used for long term energy 2) Phospholipids - A hydrophilic head attached to two fatty acid chains - Form the cell membrane 3) Steroids: - Four interconnected carbon rings - Act as chemical messengers in the bloodstream so organs can "talk" to each other

What are the three types of carbohydrates? Describe them.

Monosaccharide: single Disaccharide: two monomers Polysaccharides: multiple monomers

Describe mechanical digestion: Provide an example:

Physical breakdown of food, creating a larger surface area for digestive enzymes to work on. Example: Chewing and churning