Anatomy & Physiology #1

Question 1

Digestive system: What is the stomach? What digestion occurs there?

Answer 1

Muscular “J” shaped organ
Mechanical: Walls of the stomach churns bolus into chyme
Chemical: Chief cells secrete pepsin which breaks down proteins into amino acids
Parietal cells: Secrete hydrochloric acid which breaks down most macromolecules and kills unwanted bacteria

Question 2

Describe chemical digestion:
Provide an example:

Answer 2

Chemical breakdown of nutrients into very small pieces so they can be absorbed into the circulatory system.

Question 3

Label these glands:

Answer 3

Question 4

Digestive system: What digestive enzymes are secreted in the pancreas? What are their purpose?

Answer 4

Trypsin and chymotrypsin: Break down polypeptides (proteins) into amino acids.
Sucrase, maltase, lipase: Break down disaccharides into monosaccharides
Nuclease: Breaks down DNA and RNA
Lipase: Breaks down small droplets of fat into fatty acids

Question 5

What is the monomer and polymer of a lipid?

Answer 5

Monomer: Fatty acid
Polymer: Triglyceride, phospholipid, steroid

Question 6

Digestive system: What is the esophagus? Describer peristalsis:

Answer 6

Muscular tube which passes food to the stomach.
Peristalsis: Muscular contractions that slowly move food from the mouth to the stomach.

Question 7

What is the function of a protein?

Answer 7

Growth and repair
Providing energy

Question 8

What is a heterotroph?

Answer 8

An organism that doesn’t make their own food.

Question 9

Digestive system: What is the purpose of the salivary glands?

Answer 9

Secrete saliva which contains amylase. Amylase breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides.

Question 10

Digestive system: What is the epiglottis?

Answer 10

Flap that covers the trachea when swallowing food

Question 11

Acronym

What is the structure of a nucleic acids?

Answer 11

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphates

Question 12

What are the two types of of nucleic acids? Describe them.

Answer 12

DNA: Double stranded (Stores information)
RNA: Single stranded (Contributes to protein production)

Question 13

What is a polymer?

Answer 13

A chain of monomers linked together.

Question 14

What is the monomer and polymer of a nucleic acid?

Answer 14

Monomer: Nucleotide
Polymer: DNA or RNA

Question 15

Digestive system: What happens in the mouth?

Answer 15

Grinding and chewing turns food into bolus.

Question 16

Digestive system: What is the purpose of the liver? What is bile?

Answer 16

Produce bile, a fluid that breaks fat into smaller droplets

Question 17

Which macromolecule is this?

Answer 17

Lipid

Question 18

What are the three salivary glands and where are they located?

Answer 18

1) Parotid gland: Side of cheek
2) Sublingual: Under tongue
3) Submandibular: Under jaw

Question 19

Describe inhalation

Answer 19

Diaphragm contracts (goes down)
Intercostal muscles contract and cause the chest cavity to go up and out
This causes more space in the lungs decreasing the pressure. The oxygen in the surrounding environment is attracted to the low pressure environment, and comes rushing into the lungs.

Question 20

Which macromolecule is this?

Answer 20

Nucleic Acid

Question 21

Describe exhalation

Answer 21

Diaphragm relaxes (goes up)
Intercostal muscles contract and cause the chest cavity to go down and in.
This causes less space in the lungs and therefore more pressure. The oxygen in the lungs is attracted to the low pressure of the surrounding environment so air comes rushing out.

Question 22

Digestive system: What is the pharynx? What are the three parts?

Answer 22

Entrance into the esophagus.
1) Nasopharynx
2) Oropharynx
3) Hypopharynx

Question 23

What is the structure of a protein?

Answer 23

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Question 24

What is the structure and function of a triglyceride?

Answer 24

• Three Long hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids attached to a glycerol
• Used for long term energy

Question 25

Describe absorption:

Answer 25

The small intestine is lined with villi. Each villus contains capillary networks which bring blood close to the walls of the small intestine. When nutrients are broken down small enough, they cross into the bloodstream and into the circulatory system.

Question 26

What is an autotroph?

Answer 26

An organism that makes its own food.

Question 27

What is the monomer and polymer of a protein?

Answer 27

Monomer: Amino acid Polymer: Polypeptide

Question 28

What is the structure of a lipid?

Answer 28

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 29

What is the function of a carbohydrate?

Answer 29

Main source of energy

Question 30

Digestive system: What is the purpose of the gall bladder? How does it connect to the small intestine?

Answer 30

Stores bile Connects to the small intestine through the common bile duct

Question 31

Which macromolecule is this?

Answer 31

Protein

Question 32

Which macromolecule is this?

Answer 32

Carbohydrate

Question 33

Define pressure when breathing:

Answer 33

High pressure when breathing is caused by molecules pushing against the walls of the lungs. Low pressure is caused by larger space, giving molecules more space to move around.

Question 34

Digestive system: What is the rectum/anus? What are the two sphincters?

Answer 34

Stores feces until full Internal sphincter: involuntary External sphincter: voluntary

Question 35

Digestive system: What is the small intestine? What are the three parts?

Answer 35

Long tube where absorption begins. 1) Duodenum 2) Jejunum 3) Illeum

Question 36

What is a monomer?

Answer 36

A single molecule

Question 37

Digestive system: What is the purpose of the large intestine? What are the four parts?

Answer 37

To absorb water from chyme 1) Ascending colon 2) Transcending colon 3) Descending colon 4) Sigmoid colon

Question 38

What is the structure and function of phospholipids?

Answer 38

- A hydrophilic head attached to two fatty acid chains - Form the cell membrane

Question 39

What is the structure and function of steroids?

Answer 39

- Four interconnected carbon rings - Act as chemical messengers in the bloodstream so organs can "talk" to each other

Question 40

What are the 4 types of macromolecules?

Answer 40

1) Carbohydrates 2) Lipids 3) Proteins 4) Nucleic Acids

Question 41

What is the monomer and polymer of a carbohydrate?

Answer 41

Monomer: Monosaccharide Polymer: Disaccharide and polysaccharides

Question 42

What is the structure of a carbohydrate?

Answer 42

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 43

What is the function of a lipid? (3)

Answer 43

1) Long term energy source 2) Forms cell membranes 3) Act as messengers in the bloodstream

Question 44

Describe heterotrophic food processing:

Answer 44

Ingestion: Taking food into the body through the alimentary canal Digestion: Breaking down of food into smaller molecules Absorption: Transport of nutrients into the circulatory system Elimination: Removal of waste

Question 45

What are the three types of lipids? Describe them.

Answer 45

1) Triglyceride: - Three Long hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids attached to a glycerol - Used for long term energy 2) Phospholipids - A hydrophilic head attached to two fatty acid chains - Form the cell membrane 3) Steroids: - Four interconnected carbon rings - Act as chemical messengers in the bloodstream so organs can "talk" to each other

Question 46

What are the three types of carbohydrates? Describe them.

Answer 46

Monosaccharide: single Disaccharide: two monomers Polysaccharides: multiple monomers

Question 47

Describe mechanical digestion: Provide an example:

Answer 47

Physical breakdown of food, creating a larger surface area for digestive enzymes to work on. Example: Chewing and churning