DNA

Question 1

Eukaryotes

Answer 1

an organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus

Question 2

nucleus

Answer 2

it is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell’s chromosomes.

Question 3

membrane

Answer 3

the thin layer that forms the outer boundary of a living cell or of an internal cell compartment.

Question 4

organelle

Answer 4

is a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell, much like an organ does in the body.

Question 5

nuclear pores

Answer 5

is a protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Question 6

nucleoplasm

Answer 6

the substance of a cell nucleus, especially that not forming part of a nucleolus.

Question 7

metabolism

Answer 7

the sum of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism and that provide energy for vital processes and for synthesizing new organic material.

Question 8

nucleolus

Answer 8

a small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase.

Question 9

chromatin network

Answer 9

is the network of the cell nucleus, which contains all the DNA of the nucleus of the cell.

Question 10

DNA

Answer 10

or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms.

Question 11

chromosomes

Answer 11

are thread-like structures in which DNA is tightly packaged within the nucleus.

Question 12

genes

Answer 12

are pieces of DNA inside each cell that tell the cell what to do and when to grow and divide.

Question 13

mitochondria

Answer 13

an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner part being folded inwards to form layers (cristae).

Question 14

chloroplast

Answer 14

a plastid in green plant cells which contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.

Question 15

extranuclear DNA

Answer 15

the chromosomes which are present outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm. The mitochondria have a circular DNA known as mt-DNA and chloroplast has Ct-DNA.

Question 16

RNA

Answer 16

Ribonucleic acid is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes.

Question 17

monomers

Answer 17

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

Question 18

nucleotides

Answer 18

a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.

Question 19

cytoplasm

Answer 19

is a thick solution that fills each cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane. It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins.

Question 20

polymer

Answer 20

A polymer is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules, or macromolecules, composed of many repeating subunits.

Question 21

monomer

Answer 21

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

Question 22

nucleotides

Answer 22

are compounds consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.

Question 23

deoxyribose sugar

Answer 23

is a monosaccharide with idealized formula H−(C=O)−(CH2)−(CHOH)3−H. Its name indicates that it is a deoxy sugar, meaning that it is derived from the sugar ribose by loss of an oxygen atom.

Question 24

phosphate group

Answer 24

A functional group characterized by a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms (three single bonds and one double bond).

Question 25

nitrogenous base

Answer 25

A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base.

Question 26

adenine

Answer 26

a compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with thymine in double-stranded DNA.

Question 27

thymine

Answer 27

a compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A pyrimidine derivative, it is paired with adenine in double-stranded DNA.

Question 28

cytosine

Answer 28

a compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of DNA. It is paired with guanine in double-stranded DNA.

Question 29

guanine

Answer 29

a compound that occurs in guano and fish scales, and is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A pure derivative, it is paired with cytosine in double-stranded DNA.

Question 30

purine

Answer 30

Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that consists of two rings.

Question 31

pyrimidine

Answer 31

is one of two classes of heterocyclic nitrogenous bases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA: in DNA the pyrimidines are cytosine and thymine, in RNA uracil replaces thymine.

Question 32

hydrogen bonds

Answer 32

are a primarily electrostatic force of attraction between a hydrogen atom which is covalently bound to a more electronegative atom or group, particularly the second-row elements nitrogen

Question 33

gene

Answer 33

is a basic unit of heredity and a sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that encodes the synthesis of a gene product, either RNA or protein

Question 34

genome

Answer 34

the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism.

Question 35

DNA replication

Answer 35

is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule

Question 36

protein synthesis

Answer 36

is the process in which cells make proteins. It occurs in two stages: transcription and translation

Question 37

amino acids

Answer 37

Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino and carboxyl functional groups, along with a side chain specific to each amino acid

Question 38

coding DNA

Answer 38

A sequence of DNA that codes for protein. Coding DNA sequences are separated by long regions of DNA called introns that have no apparent function.

Question 39

non-coding DNA

Answer 39

Non-coding DNA sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences. Some non-coding DNA is transcribed into functional non-coding RNA molecules

Question 40

gene expression

Answer 40

is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enable to produce protein as the end product

Question 41

mutation

Answer 41

is an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Viral genomes contain either DNA or RNA