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DNA structure > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotes

A

an organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus

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2
Q

nucleus

A

it is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell’s chromosomes.

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3
Q

membrane

A

the thin layer that forms the outer boundary of a living cell or of an internal cell compartment.

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4
Q

organelle

A

is a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell, much like an organ does in the body.

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5
Q

nuclear pores

A

is a protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

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6
Q

nucleoplasm

A

the substance of a cell nucleus, especially that not forming part of a nucleolus.

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7
Q

metabolism

A

the sum of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism and that provide energy for vital processes and for synthesizing new organic material.

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8
Q

nucleolus

A

a small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase.

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9
Q

chromatin network

A

is the network of the cell nucleus, which contains all the DNA of the nucleus of the cell.

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10
Q

DNA

A

or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms.

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11
Q

chromosomes

A

are thread-like structures in which DNA is tightly packaged within the nucleus.

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12
Q

genes

A

are pieces of DNA inside each cell that tell the cell what to do and when to grow and divide.

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13
Q

mitochondria

A

an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner part being folded inwards to form layers (cristae).

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14
Q

chloroplast

A

a plastid in green plant cells which contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.

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15
Q

extranuclear DNA

A

the chromosomes which are present outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm. The mitochondria have a circular DNA known as mt-DNA and chloroplast has Ct-DNA.

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16
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes.

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17
Q

monomers

A

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

18
Q

nucleotides

A

a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.

19
Q

cytoplasm

A

is a thick solution that fills each cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane. It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins.

20
Q

polymer

A

A polymer is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules, or macromolecules, composed of many repeating subunits.

21
Q

monomer

A

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

22
Q

nucleotides

A

are compounds consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.

23
Q

deoxyribose sugar

A

is a monosaccharide with idealized formula H−(C=O)−(CH2)−(CHOH)3−H. Its name indicates that it is a deoxy sugar, meaning that it is derived from the sugar ribose by loss of an oxygen atom.

24
Q

phosphate group

A

A functional group characterized by a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms (three single bonds and one double bond).

25
Q

nitrogenous base

A

A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base.

26
Q

adenine

A

a compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with thymine in double-stranded DNA.

27
Q

thymine

A

a compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A pyrimidine derivative, it is paired with adenine in double-stranded DNA.

28
Q

cytosine

A

a compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of DNA. It is paired with guanine in double-stranded DNA.

29
Q

guanine

A

a compound that occurs in guano and fish scales, and is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A pure derivative, it is paired with cytosine in double-stranded DNA.

30
Q

purine

A

Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that consists of two rings.

31
Q

pyrimidine

A

is one of two classes of heterocyclic nitrogenous bases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA: in DNA the pyrimidines are cytosine and thymine, in RNA uracil replaces thymine.

32
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

are a primarily electrostatic force of attraction between a hydrogen atom which is covalently bound to a more electronegative atom or group, particularly the second-row elements nitrogen

33
Q

gene

A

is a basic unit of heredity and a sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that encodes the synthesis of a gene product, either RNA or protein

34
Q

genome

A

the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism.

35
Q

DNA replication

A

is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule

36
Q

protein synthesis

A

is the process in which cells make proteins. It occurs in two stages: transcription and translation

37
Q

amino acids

A

Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino and carboxyl functional groups, along with a side chain specific to each amino acid

38
Q

coding DNA

A

A sequence of DNA that codes for protein. Coding DNA sequences are separated by long regions of DNA called introns that have no apparent function.

39
Q

non-coding DNA

A

Non-coding DNA sequences are components of an organism’s DNA that do not encode protein sequences. Some non-coding DNA is transcribed into functional non-coding RNA molecules

40
Q

gene expression

A

is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enable to produce protein as the end product

41
Q

mutation

A

is an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Viral genomes contain either DNA or RNA

DNA structure (2 decks)

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