DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

Condon

A

Three-base code in DNA and RNA.

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2
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a new DNA molecule.

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3
Q

Double-helix

A

Two strands of nucleotides twisted around each other in a ladder shape.

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4
Q

Exon

A

the intervening coding sequence that remains from the final mRNA.

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5
Q

Intron

A

the missing coding from the final mRNA.

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6
Q

Messenger RNA

A

RNA that carries genetic info from DNA to guide protein synthesis.

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7
Q

Nucleosome

A

DNA fibers coiled around histones.

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8
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

Short segments of DNA synthesized into 3 to 5 directions by DNA polymerase.

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9
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

RNA combine with proteins to form ribosome.

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10
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid; guides protein synthesis.

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11
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

Enzyme that regulates protein synthesis.

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12
Q

Semiconservative Replication

A

When DNA molecules produce a parental DNA strand and a strand of new DNA.

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13
Q

Transfer RNA

A

RNA with amino acids that bind to complementary bases.

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14
Q

Translation

A

Process in which mRNA attaches to the ribosome and assembles proteins.

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15
Q

what are smooth bacteria?

A

bacteria that have smooth edges and a sugar coat.

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16
Q

what are rough bacteria?

A

bacteria that don’t have a sugar coat but has rough edges.

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17
Q

what are chromosomes made out of?

A

DNA & proteins

18
Q

what can only change genetic materials?

A

DNA

19
Q

what is DNA made up of?

A

Two strands of nucleotides twisted around each other w/ rings

20
Q

why are rungs always the same length?

A

because purine always binds to a pyrimidine.

21
Q

where is DNA in prokaryotes?

A

in the cytoplasm

22
Q

where is DNA in eukaryotes?

A

in the nucleus

23
Q

Nucleosomes

A

tightly coiled DNA around the histones.

24
Q

histones

A

what DNA is wrapped around.

25
Q

purine base

A

double-ringed base

26
Q

what is the purine base?

A

adenine or guanine

27
Q

what is the pyrimidine base?

A

Thymine, cytosine, and uracil.

28
Q

pyrimidine base

A

single-ringed base

29
Q

what is protein synthesis?

A

a process in which cells make proteins?

30
Q

what are the steps of protein synthesis (in order)

A
  1. transcription

2. translation

31
Q

what is the central dogma?

A

where DNA codes RNA to make proteins.

32
Q

what is transcription?

A

the first step of protein synthesis.

when RNA polymerase connects DNA to RNA bases to form mRNA.

33
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

in the nucleus of the cell

34
Q

what is translation?

A

the second step of protein synthesis.

proteins are made here.

35
Q

what is a point mutation?

A

1 amino acid change

36
Q

what is happens to codons after a point mutation insertion occurs?

A

all codons change after the point.

37
Q

what is happens to codons after a point mutation deletion occurs?

A

all codons change after the point.

38
Q

what is happens to codons after a point mutation substitution occurs?

A

only one letter of codon changes.

39
Q

what is a non-point mutation?

A

where more than 1 amino acid changes.

40
Q

what is an insertion non-point mutation?

A

where one codon is added.

41
Q

what is a deletion non-point mutation?

A

where one codon is deleted.