DNA Flashcards
What makes up DNA?
A polymerof Phosphate, Deoxyribose Sugar and a base.
What are the bases?
In DNA: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) and Guanine (G).
In RNA: Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C) and Guanine (G).
What are the base pairs?
A and T
C and G
What is the job of mRNA and why?
The take half the bases of a section of DNA to a ribosome so it can be read to create proteins.
How many does the ribosome read at a time and what are the proteins made out of?
3 at a time
Amino Acids
What types of mutation are there? What causes them?
Point/substitution: Where one nucleotide is substituted for another. This can have little to no effect.
Insertion: This can have a more serious effect as it changes the codons (triplets read) as it involves an extra letter being added.
Deletion: This is similar to insertion except a base is removed leading to different codon and therefore also can have a serious impact.
Give an example of something inherited, something purely based on environment and something based on both.
Inherited: Eye Colour, Blood Group, Tongue Rolling and Natural Hair Colour are some.
Environmental: Accent, Religion, Tattoos and Piercings are some.
Both: Height, Weight, Sporting Ability and Nose Shape are some
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
What can cause mutation?
External eg. Radiation.
Internal eg. Something goes wrong in gene replication.
What is transcription?
(1) An enzyme unwinds the double helix of DNA
(2) The 2 strands of DNA are separated so free nucleotides can fit in
(3) Free nucleotide bases attach to the DNA by their complementary base pair rules
(4) The single mRNA strand moves away from the DNA helix and another enzyme zips the 2 strands back together
(5) The single mRNA strand is small enough to leave the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm
What is the process of Translation?
(1) The mRNA enters the Ribosome
(2) Transfer RNA (tRNA) enters the Ribosome and brings a specific amino acid with it that corresponds to the codon on the mRNA strand
(3) The tRNA has an anti codon that matches the mRNA codon so they pair together using complementary base pair rules
(4) The amino acid brought by the first tRNA is attached to the second amino acid by a peptide bond
(5) When all the code has been read and amino acids joined together, the mRNA leaves the Ribosome and a new protein has been made
What is the difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic has its genetic information in the nucleus.
Prokaryotic has its genetic information stored in plasmids and genetic material
