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biology unit 5 > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

features of a genetic code

6

A

each aa in protein is coded for by 1 codon on mRNA

some aa only have 1 codon

degenerate code

3 stop codons

non overlapping

universal

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2
Q

degenerate

A

most aa have more than 1 codon

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3
Q

RNA structure

A

pentose sugar ribose
organic bases a g c u
phosphate group

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4
Q

how is mRNA structure suited to its function

A

has correct triplet sequence of organic bases that code for specific pp

easily broken down only exists while needed to manufacture a given protein

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5
Q

transcription

A

process of making pre mRNA using part of the dna to act as a template

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6
Q

what is a codon

A

sequence of 3 bases triplet on mRNA that codes for a single amino acid

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7
Q

How proto- oncogenes stimulate cell division

A

growth factors attach receptor protein cell surface membrane via relay proteins cytoplasm “switch on” genes needed for DNA replication

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8
Q

Two ways oncogenes affect cell division

A

1) receptor protein cell surface membrane PERMANENTLY ACTIVATED - cell div switched on even absence of growth factors
2) CODE FOR GROWTH FACTOR-produced in excessive amounts, stimulating excessive cell division

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9
Q

mutated tumour suppressor gene

A

becomes inactivated, stops inhibiting cell division -> increases

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10
Q

proteins made by tumour suppressor genes may

A

REPAIR damaged DNA before replication
control cell adhesion + keep cells in their place
INHIBIT cell division

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11
Q

How genes are prevented from expressing themselves

A

PREVENTING TRANSCRIPTION-preventing production MRNA

BREAKING DOWN MRNA bef its genetic code can be translated

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12
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated dividing cells that occur in adult mammal tissues and need to be constantly replaced

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13
Q

Palindromic Recognition sites

A

Reads same both ways E.g GGATCC same as CCTAGG in opposite direction

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14
Q

5 main stages of genetic fingerprinting

A 
Extraction
Digestion
Separation
Hybridisation
Development
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15
Q

1st stage of genetic fingerprinting

A

Extraction

extract DNA from rest of the cell

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16
Q

2nd stage of genetic fingerprinting

A

Digestion
DNA cut into fragments by REN
endonuclease chosen for ability to cut close to but not within groups of core sequences

17
Q

3rd stage of genetic fingerprinting

A

separation
fragments sep according size by gel electrophoresis under influence of electrical voltage
gel immersed in alkali sep double strands into single strands
single stands transferred onto nylon membrane via SOUTHERN BLOTTING TECHNIQUE

18
Q

5th stage of genetic fingerprinting

A

Development
x ray film put over nylon membrane- film exposed by radiation from radioactive probes
(if use fluorescent probes positions are located visually)
these points correspond to the position of the DNA fragments separated during electrophoresis, series of bars revealed - unique every human

19
Q

Southern blotting technique

A

thin nylon membrane laid over the gel
membrane covered in several sheets absorbent paper- draws up liquid containing DNA by capillary action
this transfers the DNA fragments to nylon membrane in same relative positions they occupied on the gel
DNA fragments fixed to membrane using U.V light

20
Q

why is the gel used in electrophoresis for a genetic fingerprint immersed in alkali

A

to separate the double stands into single stands

21
Q

4th stage of genetic fingerprinting

A

Hybridisation
radioactive/fluorescent probe used to bind with core sequences. Probes have complementary base sequences to core sequence- bind under specific conditions- temp/PH
process carried out different probes each of which binds with a diff core sequence

22
Q

In PCR what are primers

A

Short pieces of DNA that have a set of bases complementary to those at the end of the DNA fragment to be copied

23
Q

Why are two different primers required

A

The sequences at the opposite ends of the two DNA stands are different

biology unit 5 (8 decks)

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