Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IBH Biology > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA

A

Genes make proteins. Contains Thymine, is Double Stranded, contains Deoxyribose Sugar.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Genome

A

The complete sequence of nucleotides of its DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Chromosome

A

3 billion base pairs distributed across 46 chromosomes (made of DNA and Proteins) which form 23 pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nitrogenous Bases

A

Cytosine, Thymine, Adenine, and Guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

RNA

A

Contains Uracil, is Single Stranded, contains Ribose sugar.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

DNA => Protein

A

DNA is copied by mRNA and brought out from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. tRNA changes codons (three rungs) into amino acids which create proteins. This process if called Protein Synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Autoradiography

A

Take Thymine (only found in DNA) and mark it with radioactivity so is was made visible after some months on a screen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

DNA Replication

A

Occurs during birth, growth, and repair. 1. Helicase binds at the origin of replication site 2. Helicase unwinds the DNA, cutting the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs 3. DNA Polymerase adds free floating nucleotides to compliment the template strands - DNA Polymerase can only add from the 5’ to 3’ direction of the strand - Okazaki fragments are formed on the 5’ to 3’ side of the unwound strand * The Okazaki fragments are connected by DNA Ligase (an enzyme)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Watson & Crick

A

Stole Roseland Franklin’s idea of discovering DNA’s shape through X-Ray Crystallography and they recieved all the credit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Meselson & Stahl

A

Proved that DNA is semi-conservative.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

DNA is copied by mRNA and brought out from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. tRNA changes codons (three rungs) into amino acids which create proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Transcription

A
  1. Initiation - RNA Polymerase binds to the promoter region 2. Elongation - RNA Polymerase slides down the strand, splitting the two strands - As the RNA Polymerase reseals the DNA as it passes by - RNA Polymerase brings in free floating RNA nucleotides complementary to the antisense strand to form the mRNA - Only adds from the 3’ to 5’ direction mRNA strand is 5’ to 3’, Antisense strand is 3’ to 5’ 3. Termination - The RNA Polymerase and mRNA strands fall off at the termination point.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mutations

A

Mutations are random changes to the base sequence in a gene during Transcription. Frameshift - Deletion - Insertion Substitution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Substitution of the T nucleotide with the A nucleotide which results in creating Valine (GUG) instead of Glutamic Acid (GAG). This affects the shape of red blood cells, giving those with the trait a sickled shape. This disease is prevalent in areas where Malaria is rampant because having the Sickle Cell trait provides immunity to Malaria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

mRNA Splicing

A
  1. Put on a cap to protect the strand from: - Being chopped up outside of the nucleus - From enzymes in the cytoplasm 2. Cut out introns (‘intruders’) - Reassemble the exons, leaves the nucleus to the cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Translation

A
  1. Initiation - mRNA enters, tRNA binds mRNA enters the ribosome - The start tRNA (Methionine) binds in the P site with the start codon, AUG 2. Elongation - new tRNA enters, Methionine jumps, Ribosome shifts, old tRNA ejects - The second tRNA enters the A site according to codons on the mRNA - The Methionine jumps onto the amino acids carried by the tRNA that just entered the A site - Ribosome shifts by one codon, ejecting the tRNA which moved to the E site 3. Termination - when a tRNA binds to a stop codon and the chain of polypeptides detaches. - Proteins can be various lengths.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Genetic Code

A

The genetic code is degenerate which means, there is more than one codon to represent certain amino acids. The genetic code is universal, all living organisms make proteins the same way.

18
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction

A

The goal is to amplify DNA to have enough to perform gel electrophoresis. 1. Once the target DNA is located TAQ polymerase is extracted from hot springs because they are heat-resistant and added together in a test tube. DNA is then denatured. - 95 °F breaks the hydrogen bonds and splits open the DNA. 2. Temperature decreases to 60 °F so the primers can anneal (attach). - The temperature is increased to 72 °F and TAQ Polymerase is added.

19
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

STRs or Short Tandem Repeats are sequences of repeated nucleotides. These repeats differ between individuals. These can identify individuals by targeting DNA then isolating and cleaving the different sections using Restriction Enzymes then insert them into wells in agarose gel. This machine has a positive and negative pole and once it’s turned on it pulls the negatively charged DNA towards that pole. It moves the smaller pieces of STRs closer to the pole showing different bands of different sized DNA.

20
Q

DNA Transformation

A

DNA transformation is a process by which DNA can be transferred into. bacteria.

21
Q

Genetic Engineering

A
  1. Isolate the Insulin Production Gene with Restriction Enzymes - This leaves sticky ends (or uneven DNA sequences at the end of the strands) 2. Isolate a bacterial plasmid and cut it with the same Restriction Enzymes 3. Insert gene into plasmid using complementary base-pairing and Ligase - Insert recombinant plasmid into bacterial cell (Transformation)
22
Q

Cloning

A
  1. An adult somatic cell was isolated from a sheep’s udder 2. An egg cell (gamete) is isolated from another cell 3. Isolate the nucleus out of the egg cell 4. Electricity combines the somatic cell and the enucleated egg cell 5. Starve the cell to prompt division
23
Q

Karyotyping

A

amniocentesis to ensure the health of a fetus.

24
Q

Meiosis

A

Only occurs in ovaries or testes in egg cells or sperm cells (gametes). The goal is to create haploid gametes, containing half the amount of chromosomes in diploid cells. Meiosis begins with 4 chromosomes.

25
Q

Non Disjunction

A

When chromosomes move to the same pole. Can occur in Anaphase 1 or 2

26
Q

Variability in Sexual Reproduction

A
  1. Which sperm hits which egg. (Random Assortment) 2. Crossing over. 3. Independent assortment.
27
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

a combination of different DNA from different locations and organisms that would not normally occur in nature.

28
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A

XXY

29
Q

Lethal Non-Disjunction

A

XX + 13

30
Q

Down’s Syndrome

A

XX + 21

31
Q

Turner’s Syndrome

A

X

32
Q

Law of Segregation

A

maternal and paternal traits segregate.

33
Q

Law of Independant Assortment

A

two different alleles on different chromosomes can move to different genes as long as they are not placed close together on the same chromosome.

34
Q

When do you get a 9:3:3:1 ratio?

A
  1. Both parents are heterozygous (there is a presence of both dominant and recessive genes) 2. No genes are co-dominant 3. Genes don’t interact 4. Genes are not sex-linked
35
Q

Codominance

A

Situation in which two different alleles for a genetic trait are both expressed.

36
Q

Crossing Over / Synapsis

A

the process of two singular sister chromatids align to form a crossing over point during chiasmata. The outside singular sister chromatids are not recombinant and are considered the original sister chromatids. When genes are close together on a chromosome the chances of crossing over decrease and are referenced as linked genes.

37
Q

Sex Linkage

A

Sex-linked or X-linked genes mainly affect men as they only have one X chromosome. Linked genes do not abide to Mendel’s 2nd Law because they are placed too close together to be independently assorted. Examples of such are Colorblindness and Haemophilia

38
Q

Genetic Diseases

A

Cystic Fibrosis only presents with two recessive alleles whereas Huntington’s Disease only presents with two dominant alleles. Individuals with one trait of the disease are marked as carriers.

39
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

Human skin color is a good example of polygenic inheritance. A genotype with all “dominant” capital genes (AABBCC) has the maximum amount of melanin and very dark skin. A genotype with all “recessive” small case genes (aabbcc) has the lowest amount of melanin and very light skin. A genotype with three “dominant” capital genes and three small case “recessive” genes (AaBbCc) has a medium amount of melanin and an intermediate skin color.

40
Q

Chi Squared Test

A
41
Q

Degrees of Freedom

A

Number of Categories you have minus one (1)

IBH Biology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions