DNA 4

Question 1

Examples of RNA

Answer 1

messenger
transfer
ribosomal
micro
long non-coding
riboswitches

Question 2

each type of RNA has a different function and a

Answer 2

different secondary and tertiary structure

Question 3

more complicated dogma of biochemistry

Answer 3

DNA to mRNA to tRNA to protein via rRNA

Question 4

in terms of RNA, how are prokaryotes and eukaryotes different?

Answer 4

Eukaryotes have to transfer the RNA out of the nucleus

Question 5

many RNAs are inherently

Answer 5

single stranded

Question 6

secondary and tertiary structures in RNA

Answer 6

stems
loops
bulges

Question 7

how are secondary and tertiary structures formed in RNA

Answer 7

the strand finds complementary sections and pair with itself

Question 8

messenger RNA is formed by

Answer 8

reading the DNA

Question 9

how is DNA transcribed to mRNA

Answer 9

by RNA polymerase

Question 10

the complementary nature of the mRNA produces a temporary mix of RNA-DNA called

Answer 10

RNA-DNA double helix D-loop

Question 11

what do helicases do

Answer 11

twist and untwist DNA

Question 12

twisting equation

Answer 12

Lk=Wr+Tw
linking number = writhe + twist

Question 13

when DNA is being untwisted, what breaks first

Answer 13

TATA box

Question 14

when the TATA box is broken, what happens to the persistance length

Answer 14

it goes from 500A to 6-10A
the DNA becomes weak

Question 15

DNA relieves torsional stress with

Answer 15

localized sequence dependent structural failures

Question 16

what are minicircles

Answer 16

like mini plasmids but programmable.
one strand is knicked and then is twisted or untwisted before religating

Question 17

the number of twists affects the

Answer 17

shape

Question 18

names for mini circles shapes

Answer 18

open circle
curved circle
8 shape
racquet
handcuff
needle
rod

Question 19

Cryo-EM shows that mini circles break at

Answer 19

the TATA box

Question 20

it takes how many bases to code for an amino acid

Answer 20

3

Question 21

messenger RNA carries the code from the DNA to the

Answer 21

synthesis machinery

Question 22

before mRNA can be read by the ribosome it must

Answer 22

be processed into a mature form

Question 23

in the final mature form, we find that the genetic code has some

Answer 23

redundancies in the third slot of the codon

Question 24

what makes mRNA

Answer 24

RNA polymerase

Question 25

on an immature mRNA what are the two parts

Answer 25

introns or intervening material exons

Question 26

what part of an immature mRNA is transcribed

Answer 26

exon

Question 27

introns are cleaved at specific splice sites by

Answer 27

the RNA itself

Question 28

catalytic RNA is known as a

Answer 28

ribozyme

Question 29

all the RNA is synthesized and then the ... are chopped out and the ... are rejoined to make a fully processed or mature and functional mRNA

Answer 29

introns exons

Question 30

RNA splicing only happens at specific sites and creates

Answer 30

a lariat structure from the introns

Question 31

RNA splicing reaction occurs in a complex region called the

Answer 31

spliceosome which contains proteins and RNA

Question 32

in the spliceosome the individual reactions with proteins are specific and require what to drive the precursors of the processing reactions

Answer 32

ATP

Question 33

how does RNA splice itself

Answer 33

the strands find self-complimentary regions and form stem-loop structures creates mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, siRNA, snRNA, lncRNA and more

Question 34

what kind of RNA must also be processed after transcription by splicing into a mature form

Answer 34

tRNA

Question 35

tRNA is formed during transcription in an

Answer 35

immature form

Question 36

tRNA is processed to form the

Answer 36

clover leaf form

Question 37

tRNA folds up into specific shape with common domains which are stabilized by

Answer 37

specific and unusual base pairs and triplets

Question 38

tRNA folding is important to its

Answer 38

function

Question 39

nucleosides unique to RNA

Answer 39

ribothymidine pseudouridine

Question 40

uncommon pairings and triplets form at the

Answer 40

domain junctions in tRNA

Question 41

inosine is a very versitile

Answer 41

hydrogen bonder

Question 42

what ion is required for tRNA to fold

Answer 42

Mg2+

Question 43

once folded, tRNA forms the familiar shape with some

Answer 43

pseudo two-fold symmetry

Question 44

in the tRNA folded state what kinds of binding is present

Answer 44

some watson and crick double helices a number of more interesting regions of structure

Question 45

tRNA must attatch to mRNA at

Answer 45

triplet codons and hold an activated amino acid in place

Question 46

silencing RNA is also called

Answer 46

RNA interference RNAi gene silencing

Question 47

what kind of RNA is used to regulate transcription

Answer 47

miRNA micro RNA

Question 48

how to turn off a gene

Answer 48

chromatin conformation must be remodeled RNAi initiates chromatin silencing chemical markers on histone proteins shift the equilibrium and allow recognition

Question 49

types of epigenetic markers that can be used to silence a gene

Answer 49

acetylation methylation phosphorylation ubiquitination

Question 50

two fragments of rRNA

Answer 50

30S and 50S