Day 1

Question 1

Biochemistry Studies the

Answer 1

Chemistry of Biosystems

Question 2

central dogma of biochemistry

Answer 2

DNA to RNA to protein

Question 3

DNA to RNA is known as

Answer 3

transcription

Question 4

RNA to protein is known as

Answer 4

translation

Question 5

Proteins, Nucleic acids and poly-saccharides are all

Answer 5

polymers

Question 6

sugars often are

Answer 6

polymers or oligomers

Question 7

lipids are usually

Answer 7

monomeric

Question 8

nucleic acid backbone

Answer 8

sugar and phosphate

Question 9

two types of nucleic acid side chains

Answer 9

purines and pyrimidines

Question 10

Amino Acid monomers couple together via …to yield proteins

Answer 10

acid-base condensation

Question 11

sugar monomers are known as

Answer 11

saccharides

Question 12

saccharides can be in what three conformations

Answer 12

branched, linear, or cyclic

Question 13

the smallest sugar monomer is

Answer 13

3 carbons

Question 14

Linear sugars have

Answer 14

an aldehyde or a ketone and lots of hydroxyls hanging on the carbons.

Question 15

Linear sugars longer than 4 carbons cyclize … in water.

Answer 15

spontaneously

Question 16

lipids are

Answer 16

amphipathic

Question 17

the tail of the lipid is

Answer 17

nonpolar

Question 18

the head of the lipid is

Answer 18

polar or charged

Question 19

how many tails can a lipid have

Answer 19

one or two

Question 20

lipids are the basis of

Answer 20

many organelles and cell walls

Question 21

why is water weird

Answer 21

• Unique liquid solvent
• Temperature range between solid and gas
  coincides with planet’s surface
• Transport properties allow flow of
  concentration gradients
• Structural properties allow biopolymers to
  adopt unique shapes

Question 22

water properties

Answer 22

• Hydrogen bonding: forming networks
• Tetrahedral liquid locally (not close packed)
• Large void volume: Dissolution of gasses
• Liquid from 273K to 373K
• Density Maximum (most solids sink in their
  own liquid)

Question 23

kcal/mol for covalent and ionic bonds

Answer 23

50-100 kcal/mol

Question 24

kcal/mol for dipolar interactions and hydrogen bonds

Answer 24

1-10 kcal/mol

Question 25

kcal/mol for Van der Waals interactions

Answer 25

0.01-0.1 kcal/mol

Question 26

strongest type of bond

Answer 26

covalent and ionic bonds

Question 27

most think of chemical bonds as

Answer 27

covalent or ionic

Question 28

everything in biochemistry happens in

Answer 28

liquids

Question 29

Since the average separation, , is large for ..., if is large, the Potential Energy is essentially zero between atoms.

Answer 29

gases

Question 30

What can have a large influence when densities are high like in liquids.

Answer 30

Small attractive forces

Question 31

van der Waals (dispersion) forces caused by instantaneous dipoles due to... electrons are typically going to produce a well only 0.01 - 0.1 kcal/m deep.

Answer 31

“flickering”

Question 32

when are van der waals or dispersion forces effective

Answer 32

Since thermal energy is RT300° = 0.6 kcal/m such attractions are only effective at very low temperatures(10 - 100 K) or in large numbers.

Question 33

there ar emany dipoles in biomolecules caused by

Answer 33

electronegativity differences

Question 34

Attractions between dipoles are usually worth between ~1-10 kcal/m due to

Answer 34

configurations which nearly align the dipoles

Question 35

hydrogen bonds are not

Answer 35

bonds to hydrogen

Question 36

Hydrogen bonds are

Answer 36

sufficiently strong that they stabilize liquids and solids, and assemblies like proteins, nucleic acids, lipid bilayers and a variety of other things at room T.

Question 37

ultimate hydrogen bonding liquid

Answer 37

water

Question 38

in ice water forms how many h bonds

Answer 38

4 H-bonds, 2 which donate hydrogens and 2 which accept hydrogens.

Question 39

in solution water forms

Answer 39

solvation shells around molecules and polymers

Question 40

hydration layer

Answer 40

the first solvation shell where order is greatest

Question 41

solubility is often roughly approximated as

Answer 41

hydrophobic and hydrophillic

Question 42

hydrophobic effect or nonpolar effect

Answer 42

* Nonpolars aggregate in polars (water) * Nonpolar side chains of protein get out of water and thus help cause protein folding and recognition

Question 43

hydrogen bonding and the hydrophobic effect are used to explain

Answer 43

* Native structure of proteins, and DNA * Formation of micelles, * Bilayer membranes, * Many other biological assemblies

Question 44

wetting

Answer 44

when a liquid is closer to the surface hydrophillic theta < 90 degrees

Question 45

dewet

Answer 45

liquid repels a surface hydrophobic theta >90 degrees

Question 46

example of dewetting

Answer 46

lotus leaves