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GSBS Biochem > Day 1 > Flashcards

Day 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biochemistry Studies the

A

Chemistry of Biosystems

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2
Q

central dogma of biochemistry

A

DNA to RNA to protein

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3
Q

DNA to RNA is known as

A

transcription

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4
Q

RNA to protein is known as

A

translation

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5
Q

Proteins, Nucleic acids and poly-saccharides are all

A

polymers

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6
Q

sugars often are

A

polymers or oligomers

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7
Q

lipids are usually

A

monomeric

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8
Q

nucleic acid backbone

A

sugar and phosphate

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9
Q

two types of nucleic acid side chains

A

purines and pyrimidines

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10
Q

Amino Acid monomers couple together via …to yield proteins

A

acid-base condensation

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11
Q

sugar monomers are known as

A

saccharides

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12
Q

saccharides can be in what three conformations

A

branched, linear, or cyclic

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13
Q

the smallest sugar monomer is

A

3 carbons

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14
Q

Linear sugars have

A

an aldehyde or a ketone and lots of hydroxyls hanging on the carbons.

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15
Q

Linear sugars longer than 4 carbons cyclize … in water.

A

spontaneously

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16
Q

lipids are

A

amphipathic

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17
Q

the tail of the lipid is

A

nonpolar

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18
Q

the head of the lipid is

A

polar or charged

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19
Q

how many tails can a lipid have

A

one or two

20
Q

lipids are the basis of

A

many organelles and cell walls

21
Q

why is water weird

A
  • Unique liquid solvent
  • Temperature range between solid and gas
    coincides with planet’s surface
  • Transport properties allow flow of
    concentration gradients
  • Structural properties allow biopolymers to
    adopt unique shapes
22
Q

water properties

A
  • Hydrogen bonding: forming networks
  • Tetrahedral liquid locally (not close packed)
  • Large void volume: Dissolution of gasses
  • Liquid from 273K to 373K
  • Density Maximum (most solids sink in their
    own liquid)
23
Q

kcal/mol for covalent and ionic bonds

A

50-100 kcal/mol

24
Q

kcal/mol for dipolar interactions and hydrogen bonds

A

1-10 kcal/mol

25
Q

kcal/mol for Van der Waals interactions

A

0.01-0.1 kcal/mol

26
Q

strongest type of bond

A

covalent and ionic bonds

27
Q

most think of chemical bonds as

A

covalent or ionic

28
Q

everything in biochemistry happens in

A

liquids

29
Q

Since the average separation, <r>, is large for ..., if <r> is large, the Potential Energy is essentially zero between atoms.</r></r>

A

gases

30
Q

What can have a large influence when densities are high like in liquids.

A

Small attractive forces

31
Q

van der Waals (dispersion) forces caused by instantaneous dipoles due to… electrons are typically going to produce a well only 0.01 - 0.1 kcal/m deep.

A

“flickering”

32
Q

when are van der waals or dispersion forces effective

A

Since thermal energy is RT300° = 0.6 kcal/m such attractions are only effective at very low temperatures(10 - 100 K) or in large numbers.

33
Q

there ar emany dipoles in biomolecules caused by

A

electronegativity differences

34
Q

Attractions between dipoles are usually worth between ~1-10 kcal/m due to

A

configurations which nearly align the dipoles

35
Q

hydrogen bonds are not

A

bonds to hydrogen

36
Q

Hydrogen bonds are

A

sufficiently strong that they stabilize liquids and solids, and assemblies like proteins, nucleic acids, lipid bilayers and a variety of other things at room T.

37
Q

ultimate hydrogen bonding liquid

A

water

38
Q

in ice water forms how many h bonds

A

4 H-bonds, 2 which donate hydrogens and 2 which accept hydrogens.

39
Q

in solution water forms

A

solvation shells around molecules and polymers

40
Q

hydration layer

A

the first solvation shell where order is greatest

41
Q

solubility is often roughly approximated as

A

hydrophobic and hydrophillic

42
Q

hydrophobic effect or nonpolar effect

A
  • Nonpolars aggregate in polars
    (water)
  • Nonpolar side chains of protein get
    out of water and thus help cause
    protein folding and recognition
43
Q

hydrogen bonding and the hydrophobic effect are used to explain

A
  • Native structure of proteins, and DNA
  • Formation of micelles,
  • Bilayer membranes,
  • Many other biological assemblies
44
Q

wetting

A

when a liquid is closer to the surface
hydrophillic
theta < 90 degrees

45
Q

dewet

A

liquid repels a surface
hydrophobic
theta >90 degrees

46
Q

example of dewetting

A

lotus leaves

GSBS Biochem (10 decks)

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