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Fundamentals of Molecular Biology > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

Is DNA chemically identical in all species?

A

No, most eukaryotes undergo methylation.

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2
Q

Is the genetic code universal?

A

Yes, with some mtDNA exceptions.

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3
Q

Why is DNA organised into chromosomes?

A

To condense it.

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4
Q

Are the chromosomes always visible?

A

No, only at cell division.

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5
Q

What is DNA wrapped around in the chromosomes?

A

Histones.

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6
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A description of the compliment of chromosomes within an organism.

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7
Q

Do all species use DNA as the genetic material?

A

Yes, except some viruses.

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8
Q

Do all species have the same compliment of AAs?

A

Yes.

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9
Q

What are AAs joined by?

A

Peptide bonds.

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10
Q

What is the chemical structure of a peptide bond?

A

O=C-N-H

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11
Q

In what kind of reactions are AAs joined?

A

Condensation reactions.

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12
Q

In what kind of reactions are AAs separated?

A

Hydrolysis.

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13
Q

What is a nucleotide composed of?

A

A nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a triphosphate group.

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14
Q

A and T always bond together with how many hydrogen bonds?

A

2

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15
Q

C and G always bond together with how many hydrogen bonds?

A

3

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16
Q

Which are the pyramidine bases?

A

C and T

17
Q

Which are the purine bases?

A

A and G

18
Q

What direction must DNA always run in?

A

5’ to 3’

19
Q

How are the strands aligned in double-stranded DNA?

A

Anti-parallel.

20
Q

How does a molecule of RNA differ from a molecule of DNA?

A

RNA has 2 -OH groups, one on the 2’ and one on the 3’ carbon. DNA has only one -OH group on the 3’ carbon.

21
Q

Why are DNA strands said to have polarity?

A

Because they are directional, i.e. 5’ to 3’.

22
Q

How many base pairs are found in a full twist of the double helix?

A

10.

23
Q

What bases does RNA use?

A

A and U (instead of T) and C and G.

24
Q

DNA is usually double-stranded. Is RNA the same?

A

No, it is single-stranded (ss).

25
Q

What are the 2 requirements for DNA replication?

A
  1. A free 3’ -OH group at the end of an existing single-stranded chain that can join to the 5’ triphosphate on the free nucleotide.
  2. It must always occur 5’ to 3’
26
Q

What type of enzyme is needed for transcription?

A

A DNA dependent RNA polymerase.

27
Q

What kind of RNA is used in transcription?

A

mRNA.

28
Q

What kind of RNA is used in translation?

A

tRNA.

29
Q

What is the universal start codon?

A

AUG.

30
Q

What does AUG encode?

A

Methionine.

31
Q

What AA do all proteins begin with?

A

Methionine.

32
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA.

33
Q

By how many base pairs can DNA be sequenced at any one time?

A

1000bp.

Fundamentals of Molecular Biology (15 decks)

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