DNA Flashcards
The scientist who first identified bacterial transformation in 1928.
Frederick Griffith
The scientist(s) who confirmed that DNA is the genetic material of bacteria in 1944
Oswalf Avery, Colin Macleod, Maclyn McCarty
The scientist(s) who demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material of
bacteriophages in 1952.
Hershey & Chase
The three components of a nucleotide.
Phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base
The rule that states A pairs with T and G pairs with C in DNA.
Chargaff’s Rule
The structural form of DNA that is most common in cells.
B-DNA
The nitrogenous base found in RNA but not in DNA
Uracil (U)
The enzyme responsible for unzipping the DNA helix during replication.
Helicase
The sugar found in DNA.
Deoxyribose
The process by which DNA is copied into RNA.
Transcription
The type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome
TRNA
The cellular structure where DNA is primarily found in eukaryotes.
Nucleus
The process by which DNA strands separate due to heat or chemical agents.
denaturation
The enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments during DNA replication.
dna ligase
The left-handed helical form of DNA.
Z-DNA
(T OR F ) DNA is composed of nucleotides, each containing a phosphate, sugar, and
nitrogenous base.
True
(T OR F) In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil.
True
(T OR F) The two strands of DNA run parallel to each other.
False
(T OR F) DNA replication follows a semi-conservative model.
True
(T OR F) A higher GC content in DNA leads to a higher melting temperature (Tm).
True
(T OR F) Recombinant DNA technology is used to produce insulin, monoclonal antibodies,
and vaccines.
True
(T OR F) Histones help in packaging DNA into chromatin.
True
(T OR F) DNA denaturation can be caused by heat, pH changes, or chemical agents.
True
(T OR F) H-DNA is a triple-helix structure found in certain gene regulatory regions.
True
(T OR F) Slipped DNA structures are commonly associated with trinucleotide repeat
disorders.
True
(T OR F) The TATA box is a type of silencer in gene regulation.
False
(T OR F) The sugar in RNA is ribose, while in DNA it is deoxyribose.
True
(T OR F) Supercoiling of DNA is regulated by topoisomerases.
True
(T OR F) DNA renaturation is also known as annealing.
True
(T OR F) A triplex DNA structure is common in regulatory regions of certain genes.
True
Four nitrogenous bases in DNA:
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)
Steps of recombinant DNA technology:
○ Isolation of DNA
○ Cutting with restriction enzymes
○ Insertion into a vector
○ Transformation into host cells
○ Gene expression & protein production
○ Extraction & purification
Causes of DNA denaturation:
○ Heat
○ pH changes
○ Chemical agents
○ Mechanical forces
4 Types of slipped structures in DNA:
Hairpin loops
Cruciform Structure
Triplex DNA
Quadruplex DNA
Four levels of DNA structure:
Primary (Nucleotide Sequence)
Secondary (Double Helix Formation)
Tertiary(Supercoiling & Chromatin structure)
Quarternary(Interaction with proteins like histones)
A DNA structure where a single strand folds back on itself, forming a loop.
Hairpin Loop
A DNA structure found in palindromic sequences, forming a cross shape.
Cruciform DNA
A DNA structure formed by three strands instead of two.
Triplex DNA (H-DNA)
A DNA structure with four strands, commonly seen in G-rich regions.
G-Quadruplex DNA
The form of DNA that is right-handed and the most common in cells.
B-DNA
The form of DNA found under high salt conditions.
A-DNA
The left-handed DNA helix, often found in purine-pyrimidine sequences.
Z-DNA
