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Human Biology Unit 2 > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

DNA Structure, DNA Replication, Epigenetics

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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2
Q

Chromosomes

A

A package of DNA with part or all of the genetic material of an organism.

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3
Q

What are the four bases in DNA?

A

Adenosine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

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4
Q

Histones

A

They act as spools around which DNA winds to create structural units called nucleosomes.

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5
Q

What are 5 differences between RNA and DNA?

A

DNA
- Double Stranded
- Found in nucleus
- Adenosine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
- Codes for mRNA
-
RNA
- Single Stranded
- Found in cytoplasm, nucleus and ribosomes
- Adenosine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine
- Codes for proteins
-

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6
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transfer), rRNA (ribosomal)

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7
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

Contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce.

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8
Q

Gene

A

A distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome.

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9
Q

What is the backbone of DNA

A

Sugar Phosphate

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10
Q

What three parts make up a Nucleotide

A

-Sugar
-Phosphate
-Nitrogenous Base

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11
Q

The 4 nucleotides in DNA are bonded by ____, _______, _____.

A

weak, hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

Explain how DNA is highly condensed

A

It wraps around histones, which forms nucleosomes, the nucleosomes create chromatin that form chromosomes.

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13
Q

Explain the process of DNA replication

A

DNA Unwinds -> DNA Helices unzips the helix -> Free nucleotides pair up with exposed bases with the help of DNA polymerase -> Two identical strands are made from a parent strand and replicated strand.

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14
Q

What enzymes contribute to DNA Replication

A
  • Helicase
  • RNA Polymerase
  • DNA
    -DNA
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15
Q

Leading Strand

A

One new strand, which runs 5’ to 3’ towards the replication fork, and is made continuously.

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16
Q

Lagging Strand

A

The strand that opens in the 3’ to 5’ direction towards the replication fork. It must undergo replication discontinuously in small fragments.

17
Q

How is DNA read?

A

5’ to 3’

18
Q

What are the differences between DNA and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

A

mtDNA
- Circular in shape
- Located in Mitochondrion
- Inherited from only the mother
- Contains 37 genes that encode 13 proteins, 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs
DNA
- Linear in shape
- Located in Nucleus
- Inherited from both parents
-Contains 20,000-25,000 genes coding for all the proteins necessary for its function, which also includes mitochondrial genes

19
Q

What are Epigenetics?

A

Epigenetics is the study of how cells control gene activity without changing the DNA sequence

20
Q

What is Gene Expression?

A

The process by which a gene gets turned on in a cell to make RNA and proteins.

21
Q

Name two common types of epigenetics modifications

A

DNA Methylation & Histone Acetylation

22
Q

What is DNA methylation?

A

DNA methylation is the addition of a methyl group to the cytosine base of DNA,

22
Q

What is Acetylation?

A

a critical epigenetic modification that changes chromatin architecture and regulates gene expression by opening or closing the chromatin structure

22
Q

How does DNA methylation affect gene expression?

A

Inhibits/ reduced gene expression

22
Q

How are epigenetics and cancer related?

A

Epigenetic modifications can activate oncogenes or silence tumor suppressor genes, contributing to cancer development.

22
Q

How can environmental factors influence epigenetics?

A

nvironmental factors such as diet, stress, and exposure to toxins can lead to epigenetic changes that affect gene expression and phenotype.

23
Q

Can epigenetic modifications be inherited?

A

Yes, they can be inherited

23
Q

How does histone acetylation affect gene expression?

A

Enhances/ increases gene expression

24
Q

Where does the methyl group bind to?

A

cytosine base

24
Q

What does it mean when a gene is ‘turned on’?

A

The gene is able to be translated and expressed

25
Q

What does it mean when a gene is ‘turned off’?

A

The gene isn’t able to be translated and expressed

26
Q

What is the difference between chromatids and chromosomes?

A

A chromatid is half of a chromosome.

27
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

An individuals observable traits

28
Q

What is a genotype?

A

an individuals unique sequence of DNA

29
Q

What is karyotype?

A

an individuals complete set of chromosomes

30
Q

What is an example of how diet can affect epigenetics?

A

Limiting excessive calorie intake as well as alcohol intake can help drive positive gene expression by reducing inflammation and overall stress on the body. Both alcohol use and excessive food intake have been linked to epigenetic changes that drive inflammation and metabolic disease over time.

31
Q

Why do identical twins tend to have different genes as they grow older?

A

They are exposed to different environments

Human Biology Unit 2 (9 decks)

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