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BIOLOGY YEAR 10 (CREATED BY ME) > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

1
Q

What is a polymer

A

long chains made from small repeating subunits called monomers

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2
Q

What are DNA and RNA types of

A

nucleic acids

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3
Q

Draw ONE DNA nucleotide

A

pentose sugar should be deoxyribose
nitrogenous base any except t uracil

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4
Q

DRAW ONE RNA NUCLEOTIDE

A

pentose sugar should be ribose
nitrogenous base any except thymine

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5
Q

Sugar - phosphate backbone is

A

the connection bwtn all the pentose sugars and phosphate groups

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6
Q

5 types of nitrogenous bses

A

ADENINE A
GUANINE G
THYMINE T (only in DNA)
URACIL U (only in RNA)

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7
Q

How many bonds does Guanine and Cytosine have?

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

How many bonds does adenine and thymine have?

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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9
Q

are hydrogen bonds weak to break

A

yes they are so it’s easy in the process of DNA replication

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10
Q

Complete the DNA sequence

TCA ATA CGC CAC AAC CCT

A

AGT TAT GCG GTG TTG GGA

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11
Q

Calculate bases
If a DNA molecule was found to contain 15% thymine, what percentage would be cytosine?

A

15 T = 15 A
100-30 = 70

35% cytosine

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12
Q

What are the comparisons between DNA and RNA
sentences w whereas

A

DNA double stranded
RNA single stranded

DNA - nitrogenous base thymine
RNA - nitrogenous base uracil

DNA - pentose sugar deoxyribose
RNA - pentose sugar ribose

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13
Q

Draw a DNA molecule with 4 bases - CTGA

A

page 26

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14
Q

Draw a RNA molecule with 4 bases - CUGA

A

page 27

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15
Q

What about the structure of DNA will help replication??

A

Base paring - easy to copy strands at a time
Weak Hydrogen bonds - easy to separate to strands
Nucleotides - individual

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16
Q

Draw a DNA replication diagram

A

page 47

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17
Q

What are the two enzymes in DNA REPLICATION

AND THIER FUNCTIONS

A

DNA HELICASE- unwinds and unzips the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases

DNA PLOYMERASE - catalyses’ the nucleotides to bond to the complimentary base and form to a new DNA strand

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18
Q

Where do free nucleotides come from?

A

they are delivered to the cell via the bloodstream

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19
Q

Draw a semi - conservative diagram

A

page 49

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20
Q

What is the theory of semi- conservative theory

A

one of the strands in each of the 2 new double helices of DNA is the original copy

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21
Q

What does mRNA stand for

A

messenger of RNA

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22
Q

Difference between DNA replication and transcription

A

DNA REPLICATION has a pentose suage of deoxyribose and a nitrogenous base of thymine whereas TRANSCRIPTION has a pentose sugar of ribose and a nitrogenous base of uracil.

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23
Q

What is added in the RNA PROCESSING

A

3’ poly-A-tail
5’ methyl cap
removing of introns

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24
Q

What is the FINAL product of RNA processing?

A

pre-mRNA

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25
Why are the 3' poly-A-tail and 5' methyl cap added?
to prevent enzyme degradation in the cytosol
26
Does a Intron code for protein?
IT DOES NOT CODE FOR A PROTEIN
27
Does a Exons code for proteins?
YES IT DOES CODE FOR A PROTEIN
28
What do we et rid of in RNA PROCESSING a- exons b- introns
B
29
What is splicing in RNA processing?
is a process occurring during RNA processing with the removal of introns and combining of exons in a pre-mRNA strand
30
TRANSCRIPTION DEFINITION
DNA template strand is copied into pre-mRNA via complementary base pairing using RNA polymerase. Pre mRNA undergoes RNA processing. Introns are removed, a 5' methyl cap and 3' poly-A-tail are added to form mRNA mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome
31
What resuts in the end of DNA replication
DNA
32
What results in the end of TRANSCTIPTION
Pre-mRNA
33
What results in the end of RNA PROCESSING?
mRNA
34
Function of DNA is
code for proteins
35
What is a condon?
a sequence of 3 nucleotides in a mRNA
36
What is the 3 nucleotides called in DNA
triplet
37
What does each Condon do>>???
codes for a specific and complimentary amino acid
38
What are amino acids
are the monomer of a protein (polymer)
39
Draw an amino acid
page 30
40
What happens once the mRNA sequence has been translated in translation
a polypeptide is formed
41
A polypeptide is>>>>
a sequence of amino acids
42
A protein is a>>???
a polypeptide that has been folded
43
How many amino acids are coded for by bases>>
1 amino acid is coded by 3 bases
44
What is the amino acid to bases times
amino acid to bases X3 bases to amino acid DIVIDE 3
45
What happens when there is a stop condon
YOU MUST STOP CODING EVEN IF THERE IS MORE
46
Translation definition
Ribosomes read the mRNA code for __CONTEXT__ tRNA brings the correct and specific amino acid to the ribosome. tRNA anticodons are complementary and specific to mRNA codons. Amino acids are joined together by a peptide bond in a condensation polymerization reaction, and a __CONTEXT___ polypeptide is formed
47
In translation what does ribosomes do?
read the mRNA code
48
what does tRNA do in translation
brings the correct and specific amino acid to the ribosome
49
What does tRNA stand for
transfer RNA
50
What is tRNA held together by>>>>
hydrogen bonds
51
Does mRNA have hydrogen bonds??
NO
52
Draw a tRNA molecule - amino acid - Anticodon - hydrogen bonds
see page 104
53
what is rRNA and what does it stand for
is a structural component of ribosomes ribosomal RNA
54
Is all RNA single or double stranded?
THEY ARE ALL SINGLE STRANDED
55
What is holding the amino acids together?
peptide bond
56
What is tRNA complementary to in translation
tRNA anticodons are complementary and specific to mRNA codons
57
Where does translation take plac e
ribosomes
58
what is the starting and finishing product of translation?
mRNA to polypeptide
59
What type of RNA is involved in translation
tRNA mRNA rRNA
60
What anticodon will be found on the tRNA molecule that brings the amino acid for this triplet - ACT DNA - mRNA - tRNA -
ACT UGA ACU
61
RNA POLYMERASE DO
unzips and unwinds the DNA and then catalyzes the nucleotides to bond to the complimentary base and form a new pre-mRNA strand from the DNA template strand
62
What is Genetically Modified Organisms?
This is an organisms whose genome has been altered
63
What is the gene definition?
A gene is a hereditary unit composed of a DNA section. They occupy a specific location on a chromosome. Genes determine the characteristics of an organism by directing the formation of a protein.
64
What is a Transgenic Organism?
They are genetically modified organisms where genes from a different species are added to their genome
65
Is a TGO a GMO
yes it is always both when its TGO
66
What enzymes are used to cut out the target gene
endonucleases
67
What is the enzyme that joins the DNA in the genetically modify organisms
DNA ligase
68
What is DNA probes?
Probes are single stranded pieces of DNA that is complementary to the target sequence/gene of interest with a radioactive label
69
What does the probe have to allow u to see it?
fluorescent or radioactive marker
70
Draw the 4 steps of DNA probe
page 20-21
71
What do endonucleases do?
cut DNA at a specific recognition site
72
What does each endonuclease have?
own specific recognition site
73
What are sticky ends? Draw an example
the unpaired nucleotides with exposed bases p 25
74
What are blunt ends? Draw an example
have no unpaired nucleotides and so no exposed bases p 26
75
Why do we cut DNA?
To add a new gene to create a transgenic organism to figure a crime scene
76
DNA ligase def
joins pieces of DNA together by connecting the sugar phosphate backbone
77
What are sticky ends?
they are unpaired nucleotides wit exposed bases
78
Do a whereas sentence about tRNA and mRNA 2 marks
mRNA has a poly-A-tail whereas a tRNA does not tRNA is in a clover shape whereas mRNA is in a straight line tRNA has hydrogen bonds whereas mRNA does not
79
What is a plasmid
a circular piece of DNA
80
What is binary fission
the process of the bacterial cell dividing into 2
81
Why use bacteria in genetic engineering?
can make their own proteins rapid reproduction (binary fission)
82
What is insulin?
is an important protein hormone that regulates glucose levels in the blood
83
What does the insulin protein do for people?
given to people with diabetes
84
Draw the genetic engineering poster
page 40
85
Step one of genetic engineering
page 40
86
Why would the target gene and the plasmid be cut by the same endonuclease?
so they have complimentary sticky ends and can be joined together
87
What is a vector?
means transfer a recombinant plasmid is a vector as it transfers the target gene into the bacteria
88
What happens next after genetic engineering?
te bacteria will use the insulin gene to make the insulin protein at their ribosomes with he insulin protein removed from the bacteria, purified and given to people with diabetes
89
What is Gel Electrophoresis?
Is the technique of separating DNA fragments based on size and charge using an electrical current
90
What matters about the size of the fragments in Gel Electrophoresis
The smaller fragments of DNA have less resistance and can move further through the matrix of tunnels and holes in the gel whereas larger fragments have more resistance causing them to no move through the matrix of tunnels and holes in the gel.
91
What charge does DNA have?
negative charge
92
The bands in Forensic Investigation.....
All bands must match the suspect
93
The bands in Paternity Testing..
All the bands that do not match the mother must match the father
94
The bands in Evolutionary Relationships
The most bands shared = the closest related

BIOLOGY YEAR 10 (CREATED BY ME) (4 decks)

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