Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOLOGY YEAR 10 (CREATED BY ME) > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a polymer

A

long chains made from small repeating subunits called monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are DNA and RNA types of

A

nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Draw ONE DNA nucleotide

A

pentose sugar should be deoxyribose
nitrogenous base any except t uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

DRAW ONE RNA NUCLEOTIDE

A

pentose sugar should be ribose
nitrogenous base any except thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sugar - phosphate backbone is

A

the connection bwtn all the pentose sugars and phosphate groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

5 types of nitrogenous bses

A

ADENINE A
GUANINE G
THYMINE T (only in DNA)
URACIL U (only in RNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many bonds does Guanine and Cytosine have?

A

3 hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many bonds does adenine and thymine have?

A

2 hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

are hydrogen bonds weak to break

A

yes they are so it’s easy in the process of DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Complete the DNA sequence

TCA ATA CGC CAC AAC CCT

A

AGT TAT GCG GTG TTG GGA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Calculate bases
If a DNA molecule was found to contain 15% thymine, what percentage would be cytosine?

A

15 T = 15 A
100-30 = 70

35% cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the comparisons between DNA and RNA
sentences w whereas

A

DNA double stranded
RNA single stranded

DNA - nitrogenous base thymine
RNA - nitrogenous base uracil

DNA - pentose sugar deoxyribose
RNA - pentose sugar ribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Draw a DNA molecule with 4 bases - CTGA

A

page 26

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Draw a RNA molecule with 4 bases - CUGA

A

page 27

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What about the structure of DNA will help replication??

A

Base paring - easy to copy strands at a time
Weak Hydrogen bonds - easy to separate to strands
Nucleotides - individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Draw a DNA replication diagram

A

page 47

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two enzymes in DNA REPLICATION

AND THIER FUNCTIONS

A

DNA HELICASE- unwinds and unzips the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases

DNA PLOYMERASE - catalyses’ the nucleotides to bond to the complimentary base and form to a new DNA strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where do free nucleotides come from?

A

they are delivered to the cell via the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Draw a semi - conservative diagram

A

page 49

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the theory of semi- conservative theory

A

one of the strands in each of the 2 new double helices of DNA is the original copy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does mRNA stand for

A

messenger of RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Difference between DNA replication and transcription

A

DNA REPLICATION has a pentose suage of deoxyribose and a nitrogenous base of thymine whereas TRANSCRIPTION has a pentose sugar of ribose and a nitrogenous base of uracil.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is added in the RNA PROCESSING

A

3’ poly-A-tail
5’ methyl cap
removing of introns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the FINAL product of RNA processing?

A

pre-mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Why are the 3’ poly-A-tail and 5’ methyl cap added?

A

to prevent enzyme degradation in the cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Does a Intron code for protein?

A

IT DOES NOT CODE FOR A PROTEIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Does a Exons code for proteins?

A

YES IT DOES CODE FOR A PROTEIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do we et rid of in RNA PROCESSING
a- exons
b- introns

A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is splicing in RNA processing?

A

is a process occurring during RNA processing with the removal of introns and combining of exons in a pre-mRNA strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

TRANSCRIPTION DEFINITION

A

DNA template strand is copied into pre-mRNA via complementary base pairing using RNA polymerase.
Pre mRNA undergoes RNA processing. Introns are removed, a 5’ methyl cap and 3’ poly-A-tail are added to form mRNA
mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What resuts in the end of DNA replication

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What results in the end of TRANSCTIPTION

A

Pre-mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What results in the end of RNA PROCESSING?

A

mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Function of DNA is

A

code for proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is a condon?

A

a sequence of 3 nucleotides in a mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the 3 nucleotides called in DNA

A

triplet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does each Condon do»???

A

codes for a specific and complimentary amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are amino acids

A

are the monomer of a protein (polymer)

39
Q

Draw an amino acid

A

page 30

40
Q

What happens once the mRNA sequence has been translated in translation

A

a polypeptide is formed

41
Q

A polypeptide is»»

A

a sequence of amino acids

42
Q

A protein is a»???

A

a polypeptide that has been folded

43
Q

How many amino acids are coded for by bases»

A

1 amino acid is coded by 3 bases

44
Q

What is the amino acid to bases times

A

amino acid to bases X3
bases to amino acid DIVIDE 3

45
Q

What happens when there is a stop condon

A

YOU MUST STOP CODING EVEN IF THERE IS MORE

46
Q

Translation definition

A

Ribosomes read the mRNA code for __CONTEXT__
tRNA brings the correct and specific amino acid to the ribosome.
tRNA anticodons are complementary and specific to mRNA codons.
Amino acids are joined together by a peptide bond in a condensation polymerization reaction, and a __CONTEXT___ polypeptide is formed

47
Q

In translation what does ribosomes do?

A

read the mRNA code

48
Q

what does tRNA do in translation

A

brings the correct and specific amino acid to the ribosome

49
Q

What does tRNA stand for

A

transfer RNA

50
Q

What is tRNA held together by»»

A

hydrogen bonds

51
Q

Does mRNA have hydrogen bonds??

A

NO

52
Q

Draw a tRNA molecule
- amino acid
- Anticodon
- hydrogen bonds

A

see page 104

53
Q

what is rRNA and what does it stand for

A

is a structural component of ribosomes
ribosomal RNA

54
Q

Is all RNA single or double stranded?

A

THEY ARE ALL SINGLE STRANDED

55
Q

What is holding the amino acids together?

A

peptide bond

56
Q

What is tRNA complementary to in translation

A

tRNA anticodons are complementary and specific to mRNA codons

57
Q

Where does translation take plac e

A

ribosomes

58
Q

what is the starting and finishing product of translation?

A

mRNA
to
polypeptide

59
Q

What type of RNA is involved in translation

A

tRNA
mRNA
rRNA

60
Q

What anticodon will be found on the tRNA molecule that brings the amino acid for this triplet - ACT

DNA -
mRNA -
tRNA -

A

ACT
UGA
ACU

61
Q

RNA POLYMERASE DO

A

unzips and unwinds the DNA and then catalyzes the nucleotides to bond to the complimentary base and form a new pre-mRNA strand from the DNA template strand

62
Q

What is Genetically Modified Organisms?

A

This is an organisms whose genome has been altered

63
Q

What is the gene definition?

A

A gene is a hereditary unit composed of a DNA section. They occupy a specific location on a chromosome. Genes determine the characteristics of an organism by directing the formation of a protein.

64
Q

What is a Transgenic Organism?

A

They are genetically modified organisms where genes from a different species are added to their genome

65
Q

Is a TGO a GMO

A

yes it is always both when its TGO

66
Q

What enzymes are used to cut out the target gene

A

endonucleases

67
Q

What is the enzyme that joins the DNA in the genetically modify organisms

A

DNA ligase

68
Q

What is DNA probes?

A

Probes are single stranded pieces of DNA that is complementary to the target sequence/gene of interest with a radioactive label

69
Q

What does the probe have to allow u to see it?

A

fluorescent or radioactive marker

70
Q

Draw the 4 steps of DNA probe

A

page 20-21

71
Q

What do endonucleases do?

A

cut DNA at a specific recognition site

72
Q

What does each endonuclease have?

A

own specific recognition site

73
Q

What are sticky ends?

Draw an example

A

the unpaired nucleotides with exposed bases

p 25

74
Q

What are blunt ends?
Draw an example

A

have no unpaired nucleotides and so no exposed bases
p 26

75
Q

Why do we cut DNA?

A

To add a new gene to create a transgenic organism
to figure a crime scene

76
Q

DNA ligase def

A

joins pieces of DNA together by connecting the sugar phosphate backbone

77
Q

What are sticky ends?

A

they are unpaired nucleotides wit exposed bases

78
Q

Do a whereas sentence about tRNA and mRNA
2 marks

A

mRNA has a poly-A-tail whereas a tRNA does not
tRNA is in a clover shape whereas mRNA is in a straight line
tRNA has hydrogen bonds whereas mRNA does not

79
Q

What is a plasmid

A

a circular piece of DNA

80
Q

What is binary fission

A

the process of the bacterial cell dividing into 2

81
Q

Why use bacteria in genetic engineering?

A

can make their own proteins
rapid reproduction (binary fission)

82
Q

What is insulin?

A

is an important protein hormone that regulates glucose levels in the blood

83
Q

What does the insulin protein do for people?

A

given to people with diabetes

84
Q

Draw the genetic engineering poster

A

page 40

85
Q

Step one of genetic engineering

A

page 40

86
Q

Why would the target gene and the plasmid be cut by the same endonuclease?

A

so they have complimentary sticky ends and can be joined together

87
Q

What is a vector?

A

means transfer
a recombinant plasmid is a vector as it transfers the target gene into the bacteria

88
Q

What happens next after genetic engineering?

A

te bacteria will use the insulin gene to make the insulin protein at their ribosomes with he insulin protein removed from the bacteria, purified and given to people with diabetes

89
Q

What is Gel Electrophoresis?

A

Is the technique of separating DNA fragments based on size and charge using an electrical current

90
Q

What matters about the size of the fragments in Gel Electrophoresis

A

The smaller fragments of DNA have less resistance and can move further through the matrix of tunnels and holes in the gel whereas larger fragments have more resistance causing them to no move through the matrix of tunnels and holes in the gel.

91
Q

What charge does DNA have?

A

negative charge

92
Q

The bands in Forensic Investigation…..

A

All bands must match the suspect

93
Q

The bands in Paternity Testing..

A

All the bands that do not match the mother must match the father

94
Q

The bands in Evolutionary Relationships

A

The most bands shared = the closest related

BIOLOGY YEAR 10 (CREATED BY ME) (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions