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Year 10 Biology > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three components of a nucleotide.

A

Phosphate group, nitrogenous base, pentose sugar

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2
Q

Compare DNA and RNA

A

DNA has the nitrogenous base thymine whereas RNA has the nitrogenous base uracil.
DNA is double stranded whereas RNA is single stranded
DNA has the pentose sugar deoxyribose whereas RNA has the pentose sugar ribose

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3
Q

DNA and RNA are what type of polymer?

A

Nucleic acid

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4
Q

Name the enzymes involved in DNA replication and state their functions.

A

DNA Helicase-unwinds and unzips the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complimentary bases
DNA Polymerase- catalyses the nucleotides to bond to the complimentary base and form a new DNA strand.

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5
Q

What is meant by the sem-conservative theory of DNA replication?

A

One of the strands in each of the two new double helices of DNA is from the original copy

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6
Q

Where does DNA replication occur in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Nucleus

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7
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

Nucleus

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8
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

Nucleus

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9
Q

What is the end product of transcription?

A

pre-mRNA

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10
Q

What is the definition of transcription?

A

DNA template strand is copied into pre-mRNA via complementary base pairing using RNA polymerase.
Pre mRNA undergoes RNA Processing. Introns are removed, a 5’ methyl cap and 3’ poly-A tail are added to form mRNA.
mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome.

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11
Q

What occurs during RNA processing?

A

Introns are removed. A 5’ methyl cap and 3’ poly-A-tail are added.

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12
Q

What enzyme is used during transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

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13
Q

What is the product formed after RNA processing?

A

mRNA or mature mRNA

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14
Q

Why are the introns spliced out?

A

Because they don’t code for the protein

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15
Q

What is the role of mRNA?

A

carry the code (for the protein) from the nucleus to the ribosome

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16
Q

A set of three nitrogenous bases in mRNA is called…

A

a codon

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17
Q

What is the monomer of a protein?

A

Amino acid

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18
Q

Draw the structure of an amino acid

A

Amino group, residual group, carboxyl group

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19
Q

What is the difference between a polypeptide and protein?

A

A polypeptide is a sequence of amino acids that has not been folded whereas a protein is a polypeptide that has been folded

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20
Q

What is meant by the genetic code being degenerate?

A

Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid

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21
Q

If a polypeptide has 90 amino acids, what is the minimum number of bases needed to code for it?

A

270 bases

22
Q

If an mRNA molecule has 90 bases, what is the number of amino acids it could code for?

A

30 amino acids

23
Q

What is a stop codon?

A

a codon that does not code for an amino acid

24
Q

What is meant by DNA being universal?

A

It is the same in all living organisms

25
Q

If a DNA molecule contains 30% cytosine, what percentage would be thymine?

A

20%

26
Q

If a DNA has 100 base pairs and 60 are guanine, how many would be adenine?

A

40

27
Q

Define translation

A

Ribosomes read the mRNA code.
tRNA brings the correct and specific amino acid to the ribosome.
tRNA anticodons are complementary and specific to mRNA codons.
Amino acids are joined together by a peptide bond, in a condensation polymerisation reaction, and a polypeptide is formed.

28
Q

What is the function of mRNA

A

Carries the code from the nucleus to the ribosome

29
Q

What is the function of tRNA

A

Bring the correct and specific amino acid to the ribosome

30
Q

What is the function of rRNA

A

Structural component of a ribosome

31
Q

What holds a tRNA molecule in its clover shape?

A

hydrogen bonds

32
Q

What is the starting product of translation?

A

mRNA

33
Q

What is the ending product of translation?

A

Polypeptide

34
Q

Where is a polypeptide folded into a protein?

A

rough endoplamsic reticulum

35
Q

What is a genetically modified organism (GMO)?

A

This is an organisms whose genome has been altered.

36
Q

What is a transgenic organism (TGO)?

A

They are genetically modified organisms where genes from a different species are added to their genome.

37
Q

What is the function of an endonuclease/restriction enzyme?

A

Cut DNA at a specific recognition site

38
Q

What is a DNA probe?

A

Probes are a single stranded piece of DNA that is complementary to the target sequence with a radioactive label.

39
Q

What is a sticky end?

A

When DNA is cut and unpaired nucleotides with exposed bases are created

40
Q

What are blunt ends?

A

When DNA is cut and there are no unpaired nucleotides with exposed bases

41
Q

What is the function of DNA ligase?

A

Join the DNA by the sugar-phosphate backbone

42
Q

During genetic engineering, why is the same endonuclease used to cut the plasmid and target gene?

A

So they have complimentary sticky ends

43
Q

What term is used to describe the target gene and plasmid combined?

A

recombinant DNA

44
Q

What enzyme is used to join the target gene and the plasmid during genetic engineering?

A

DNA ligase

45
Q

Why are bacteria used for genetic engineering?

A

Rapid reproduction

Produce many copies of the gene and can also create the target protein

46
Q

What two properties of DNA allow it to be separated by gel electrophoresis?

A

size and charge

47
Q

Do the smaller fragments of DNA move more or less distance in gel electrophoresis?

A

more

48
Q

How many bands must match a crime scene sample for a suspect to be considered guilty?

A

All bands

49
Q

How many bands must match a father in a paternity gel electrophoresis?

A

All that do not match the mother

50
Q

How do you determine the species who are most closely related using gel electrophoresis?

A

Most matching bands

51
Q

List the complementary base pairing rules.

A

A-T
A-U
C-G

52
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A long chain made from the small repeating subunits called monomers

Year 10 Biology (6 decks)

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