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BDS2; Dental materials > DML2: Acid-base cements > Flashcards

DML2: Acid-base cements Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general uses of acid-base dental cements

A
  1. Cavity liner/base (used in deep caries coming close to the pulp or placed beneath permanent restorations)
  2. Permanent or temporary fillings
  3. Root canal sealer
  4. Permanent or temporary luting of crowns or bridges
  5. Attachment of orthodontic appliances
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2
Q

What are the ideal properties of acid-base cements

A
  • non irritant and non toxic
  • insoluble in oral fluids
  • adhesive to tooth
  • adequate mechanical properties to withstand mastication
  • thermally, chemically and electrically insulating
  • providing therapeutic effect (bacteriostatic and obtundent)
  • good aesthetics
  • thermal expansion coefficient similar to tooth
  • radiopaque
  • should be easy to manipulate
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3
Q

Define an acid-base cement

A

Formed on mixing the powder and liquid through which an acid-base reaction will produce a solid matrix which binds the mass together

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4
Q

What is the consistency of the set cement like

A

This consists of a cored-structure; the unreacted powder acts as a filler and this increases the strength of the cement

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5
Q

What factors affect the setting of acid-base cements

A
  1. Particle size; smaller = larger SA = faster set
  2. Powder/liquid ratio; more powder = faster set
  3. Temperature; higher = sets faster; because the reaction is exothermic, as it progresses it becomes faster
  4. Moisture; accelerates/slows depending on the cement
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6
Q

Classify the acid-base cements by type (6)

A
  1. ZInc phosphate cements
  2. Zinc polycarboxylate cements
  3. Glass ionomer cements
  4. Zinc oxide eugenol cements
  5. Calcium hydroxide cements\
  6. Ethoxybenzoic acid cements
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7
Q

Classify the acid-base cements by application

A

Type I
= luting, particle size = 25um
- this is used for veneers, crowns and bridges because it is thinner

Type II
= restorative/lining, particle size = 40um

Type III
= lining or base, particle size = 40um

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8
Q

Classify the acid-base cements by chemical bonding

A
  1. Phospate bonded
    - zinc phosphate cements
  2. Polycarboxylate bonded
    - zinc polycarboxylate cements
    - glass ionomer cements
  3. Phenolate boned
    - calcium hydroxide cements
    - zinc oxide eugenol
    - ethoxybenzoic acid based cements
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9
Q

Classify the acid base cements by liquid

A

Water based

  • zinc phosphate
  • zinc polycarboxylate
  • GIC

Oil based

  • calcium hydroxide
  • ZOE
  • EBA
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10
Q

Classify the acid-base cements by powder

A

Zinc oxide

  • zinc phosphate
  • zinc polycarboxylate
  • ZOE
  • calcium hydroxide
  • EBA

Ion leachable glass
- GIC

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11
Q

What is the powder component of zinc phosphate cements

A

90% ZnO

10% other oxides; MgO, Al2O3, SiO2

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12
Q

Why is zinc oxide used in cements

A
  1. Low cost
  2. Heavy metal so good radiopacity and whiteness
  3. Low toxicity ad body can tolerate zinc in excess
  4. Reactivity can be controlled
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13
Q

How can zinc oxide powder be modified to control reactivity in acid base cements

A

It can be heated meaning that oxygen ions are lost and the structure becomes zinc rich; this slows down the reaction to give a longer mixing time so the desired properties can be achieved

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14
Q

What does MgO in the powder component of zinc phosphate cements provide

A

Increased strength

Whiteness

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15
Q

What does Al2O3 and SiO2 in the powder component of zinc phosphate cements provide

A

Mechanical reinforcement

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16
Q

What is the role of SnF2 in cements

A

Provides short term fluoride release

17
Q

What is the liquid component of zinc phosphate cements

A 
Phosphoric acid (45-60% aqueous solution)
Partially neutralised with Al3+ and Zn2+ ions to slow the setting reaction
18
Q

What does the addition of water to zinc phosphate cements result in and as a result, what precautions should be taken

A

Accelerated setting

As the phosphoric acid is hygroscopic and easily absorbs moisture, the bottle should be tightly closed otherwise the concentration will be changed which can affect setting time and end properties

19
Q

Outline the setting reaction occurring in zinc phosphate cements

A
  1. ZnO + 2H3PO4 –> Zn(H2PO4)2 + unbound H2)
  2. ZnO + Zn(H2PO4) + 2H20 –> Zn(PO4)2.4H2O

Formation of hopetite occurs because there is unreacted ZnO powder

20
Q

How is zinc phosphate cement mixed

A

Setting reaction is exothermic so a cool mixing slab is used to incorporate the powder in small incriments (upto 16 parts)

  • mixing time = 90-120 seconds
21
Q

What are the strengths of zinc phosphate cements (7)

A
  1. Adequate strength
  2. Sharp set
  3. Rapid hardening (strength gained in 3hrs)
  4. Good retentive properties (by mechanical interlocking)
  5. Good thermal insulator so could be used as cavity base
  6. Cheap
  7. SnF2 provides short term fluoride release
22
Q

What are the disadvantages of zinc phosphate cements (7)

A
  1. Low initial pH causing enamel solubility and pulp irritation
  2. Slow to neutralise
  3. Weaker when it contains SnF2
  4. Brittle (low tensile strength of 5-7MPa)
  5. High acidic solubility
  6. Linear set shrinkage
  7. No chemical adhesion (only mechanical)
23
Q

What is the primary and secondary use of zinc phosphate cements

A
  1. Luting cement for restorations and orthodontic appliances due to adequate strength
  2. Thermal insulating base under amalgams or as a temporary restorative (not usually chosen due to high acid solubility)
24
Q

What is the powder composition of zinc polycarboxylate cements and the reasons for their incorporation

A
  • ZnO
  • MgO, SnO, Al2O3, SiO2 = mechanical reinforcement
  • Bismuth salts = radiopacity and modifies set
  • SnF2 or tannin fluoride = fluoride release, improved mixing and strength
25
Q

Which components of the powder for zinc polycarboxylate cements are heated to decrease reactivity

A

ZnO and MgO

26
Q

What is in the liquid composition of zinc polycarboxylate cements

A
  • Polyacrylic acid (PAA) = 30-50% aqueous solution
  • Copolymers with other unsaturated carboxylic acids

PAA could be freeze dried and converted to a powder with ZnO and then the liquid added would be water

27
Q

What is the setting reaction for zinc polycarboxylate cements

A

Main reaction is between zinc oxide and carboxyl group of PAA

  • intra molecular cross links form within the polymer chain
  • inter molecular cross links form between the polymer chains
28
Q

What property does freshly mixed zinc polycarboxylate cement display

A

It is pseudo plastic and exhibits shear thinning

- when pressure is applied the viscosity decreases and so the cement becomes more flowable

29
Q

Why is a higher degree of inter-molecular cross linkage desirable in zinc polycarboxylate cements

A

Because this gives better mechanical properties

30
Q

How is chemical adhesion of zinc polycarboxylate to the tooth achieved

A

The carboxylic group is neutralised by Ca2+ ions

An ionic bond forms between Ca2+ of HA crystals and COO- of PAA

31
Q

What are the strengths of zinc polycarboxylate cements (7)

A
  1. Chemical adhesion
  2. Low irritancy because lower strength acid is used compared to zinc phosphate cements
  3. Rapid neutralisation
  4. Less acid soluble
  5. Strength isnt as dependant on powder/liquid ratio
  6. Attains strength quickly (15 mins)
  7. SnF2 provides fluoride release
32
Q

What are the weaknesses of zinc polycarboxylate cements

A
  1. Lower compressive strength than zinc phosphate cements because it isnt dependant of powder/liquid ratio
  2. Short working time because there is chemical adhesion so needs to be mixed quickly
  3. Not necessarily adhesive to all metal or porcelain restorations
33
Q

What are the primary and secondary uses of zinc polycarboxylate cements

A
  1. Luting because of adhesive potential and thermal insulating base because of low irritancy
  2. Luting of orthodontic bands and intermediate and temporary restorations

BDS2; Dental materials (11 decks)

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