DMA Terms - Middle Ages Flashcards

Question

EVOVAE

Answer 1

Medieval abbreviation for the doxology (Gloria patri) Sung at the end of many antiphonal chants Letters stand for the vowels in seculorum amen

Answer 2

14th / 15th century poetic forms that became popular texts for medieval secular songs Fixed number of lines and syllables per line as well as rhyme scheme

Answer 3

14th century Texts consisting of 7 or 8 line stanzas First four lines are “pedes” and remaining lines are “cauda” (includes 1 line refrain at the end which is the same for all stanzas) “Pedes” lines 2 musical phrases, first open and second closed, the cauda is closed Form for a stanza = A open A closed B closed

Answer 4

``` Most intricate of the formes fixes Basic form = A B a A a b A B Both monophonic and polyphonic Early composer - Adam de la Hale Late composer = Machaut expanded the form with melismatic writing ```

Answer 5

France end of the 13th century Dance like elements Form closely related to the Italian ballata Form: refrain - verse 1 - refrain - verse 2 - refrain - verse 3 - refrain Verses are in pedes cum cauda form From looks like: AbbaAbbaAbbaA (A = refrain, b = pedes, a = cauda)

Answer 6

Author of Ars musica mensurabilis Codifier of mensural rhythm around 1280 Shift from longa to breve allowing for semi-breve in notation Notation now allows for all meters and syncopations

Answer 7

Related to lauda | German flagellants’ songs of the 14th century

Answer 8

Doxology which usually follows the last verse of a psalm | Represented by the abbreviation EVOVAE

Answer 9

Earliest examples of secular songs Latin songs from the 11th or 12th centuries Written by wandering Goliard monks and deal with wine, women and satire Orff adapted some of these songs for Carmina Burana

Answer 10

Responsorial chant which used formulaic melodic construction Performed from the steps in front of the altar during the catholic mass after the Epistle and before the Gospel Form: solo intonation and choral response - solo verse - choral response Example: Easter Gradual, Haec Dies

Answer 11

Liturgical book which contains all the music for the Roman Catholic mass

Answer 12

Author of Micrologus (1025-1028) Credits Boethius with attributing musical intervals to mathematical ratios Used mono chord to illustrate this Departs from Greek theory in constructing scales not based on tetrachords

Answer 13

Mnemonic device attributed to Guido used for locating pitches of the diatonic scale Different joints of the fingers represented various hexachord pitches and solmization syllables

Answer 14

Benedictine monk, musician, theorist alive in the first half of the 11th century Composed many antiphons (Alma Redemptoris Mater) Wrote and important treatise which dealt systematically with modes

Answer 15

12th century German mystic who wrote a number of sequences which featured large ranges (over 2 octaves)

Answer 16

Popular medieval technique which featured a melodic line being split up in short note values between two or more voices One voice rests while the other sang and vice versa The practice involved many short rests interspersed with quick notes and resembled hiccuping. Often marks the end of a talea in an isorhythmic motet Found often in secular conductus and motets of the 13th centuries but more often from he 14th century

Answer 17

Chant form in which a number of stanzas of poetry each with the same number of lines, syllables per line and rhyme scheme are all repeated to the same music

Answer 18

A musical comma, less conclusive than the clausula or musical period

Answer 19

First section of the Roman Catholic mass (proper) Music consisted of an entire psalm with antiphon (antiphon - psalm verse - antiphon psalm verse - antiphon - psalm verse - antiphon - doxology - antiphon) later shorted to just one verse (antiphon - verse- antiphon - doxology - antiphon) Meant to accompany the entrance of the priest

Answer 20

Author of Speculum musicae (musical mirror 1325) | Defender of ars Antiqua against the modern rhythmic advances by ars nova composers

Answer 21

Musical play written by Adam de la Halle about 1284 | Contains a number of popular chansons (rondeau, ballade, virelai) some of which are polyphonic

Answer 22

Theorist active around 1300 Author of De Musica - church modes can only be applied to chant, not polyphony because of different ambitus of different voices Defined the motet as a composition having multiple texts Advised placing the motetus a 5th above the tenor and the triplum an octave about the tenor He delineated a number of musical forms (Estampies, ductia)

Answer 23

10th century professional musicians Singers of chansons and traveled around the countryside performing They were not poets or composers and often sang the songs of trouveres and troubadours

Answer 24

Ca. 1325-1397 Leading composer of the second generation of trecento composers in Italy Known for his ballate and use of the “Landini cadence” in which the movement form a 6th to an octave is embellished in the upper voice by a descending second followed by a leap of a third.

Answer 25

Monophonic: Music of a vigorous, popular character similar in form to the ballata Polyphonic: popular nonliturgical devotional 4 part song in Latin or italian, similar to frottola, generally syllabic, homophonic and regularly rhythmic with melody on top

Answer 26

``` Ca 1159-1201 Part of the notre dame school One of the first composers of polyphony Author of Magnus liber organi Juxtaposed old (florid organum) with new (discant clausulae) elements ```

Answer 27

A book containing the most frequently used chants from both the Antiphonale (music for the offices) and the Graduale (music for the mass)

Answer 28

Ca 1300-1377 Leading composer of Ars Nova in France Famous as both a composer and poet 23 motets pushing for greater complexity, secularity and rhythmic complexity Wrote many monophonic songs continuing the trouvere tradition Messe de Nostre Dame - four part setting of the mass ordinary

Answer 29

One of three types of secular Italian compositions represented in the Squarcialupi Codex (1420) Two-voice compositions with idyllic, pastoral, or satirical texts of two or three, three-line stanzas set to the same music A two-line ritornello follows each stanza Madrigal tends to have melismas at the ends and sometimes beginnings of lines

Answer 30

Vespers canticle

Answer 31

The Great Book of Organum A cycle of two-part Graduals, alleluias, and responsories written by leonin for the entire church year No longer exists in original form

Answer 32

Pomerium 1318 Describes the basis of the Italian system of notation., which involved dividing semi-breves into groups set off by dots Convenient system for florid melodic lines

Answer 33

Four late antiphons composed to honor the virgin mary

Answer 34

Principal service of the Catholic Church High mass = missa solemnis, chanting and polyphonic sections Low mass = shortened form which is spoken rather than sung The mass is three-parts consisting of the introduction, liturgy of the word, and liturgy of the Eucharist The parts which vary are called the proper and the ones that stay the same are the Ordinary

Answer 35

The most famous musical composition of the 14th century Four-part setting by Machaut of the Ordinary Clearly planned as a musical whole

Answer 36

11th and 12th century composers used for the notation of rhythm Based on certain numbered rhythmic patterns, six in all which corresponded to the metrical feet of Latin and French verse 1Trochee, 2Iamb, 3Dactyl, 4Anapest, etc. 1 and 5 were most common, 4 rare A melody in a certain mode should consist of an indefinite number of repetitions of the pattern, each phrase ending with a rest which replaced the second note of the pattern

Answer 37

Term used until the 13th century that permits the notation of a mode up a perfect fourth on the basis that the necessary Bb in the transposition transforms G tetradus into G Protus

Answer 38

An important center for troping

Answer 39

Also known as modus. This was the principle that described the relationship of the long to the breve (perfect 3, imperfect 2) in the 14th century expansion of Franconian rhythms and notions of perfection vs imperfection

Answer 40

The largest collection of the original motet manuscript scores Only polyphonic motets occur in this text, continental and English, early and late period motets… 250 early and 100 late most of which coming from the mid-13th century

Answer 41

Begins ca mid 13th century Genre associated first with the Notre Dame school of Leonin and Perotin Developed out of the separation of the clausulae from the organa Words in rhymed Latin text were added to the upper voices Most were anonymous

Answer 42

Late 13th century practice of melodic repetitions corresponding to the repetitions of the tenor melody

Answer 43

English compositional practice indicates a rational phrase relationship between two or more voices 14th century

Answer 44

Rhythmic pattern = talea Melodic patter = color End of the 13th century large scale organization technique because of the increase in scale of the Motet

Answer 45

Johannes de Grocheo circa 1300 Three or four voiced motet in which the other voices all seeing the same text does forming a conductus like texture above the tenor

Answer 46

13th century differences in style between each voice | Bottom up compositional technique the voices on the bottom are slowest in rhythmic mode, the top are the fastest

Answer 47

Late 13th century, top voice moves MUCH faster and includes many more divisions than the bottom voices

Answer 48

More inclusive than continental motets Includes traditional Cantus firmus motets, liturgical plainchant motets, newly composed tenors motets More use of: isomelism, isoperiodicity, and voice exchange, more tonal unity, less rhythmic complexity

Answer 49

9th century Earliest source in which organum is described both parallel and oblique Describe organum as a well-establish practice suggesting that organum had been around since the 8th century or earlier

Answer 50

14th century The use of notes raised or lowered through accidentals in performance Not always notated Most changes involved cadential figures and avoidance of unwanted dissonance Sometimes used because it just sounded good

Answer 51

Practice where a note was taken as if it were in one hexachord and quitted as if it were in another serving as a pivot note Allowing the melody to exceed a six-note range

Answer 52

Used for the notation of plainchant Grew from the 13th century French square notation Showed not only direction of the melody but also precise interval on a musical staff

Answer 53

Ca 840-912 Monk of St. Gall who claimed to have invented the sequence when he began to write words syllabically under certain long melismas as an aid to memorizing the tune

Answer 54

12th century major cultural influence | Source of international compositional style headed by Leonin and Perotin remained in vogue through the 14th century

Answer 55

Also known as Canonical hours Codified in ca 520 Consists of prayers Psalms canticles antiphons responses hymns and readings Music for the offices is found in the antiphonale The officers involved the chanting of psalms with their antiphons and the chanting of lessons with their responsories Matins, Lauds and Vespers most important musically

Answer 56

Defined by Anonymous IV as the number of notes before a rest measure the length of any modal pattern applied to tenor patterns

Answer 57

Earliest form of polyphony appears in sources ca. late 9th century First involved only parallel motion in perfect intervals Oblique motion was added later to avoid the appearance of Tritones Finally contrary motion was added Vox organalis - original chant melody is above the vox principalis but there is voice crossing Largest collection is the Winchester Troper of the 11th century First references to organum appears in Music Enchiriadis and Scolica Enchiradis Early 12th century florid organum appears (organum purum) Discant = 12th/13th century, voice moved in similar measured rhythm according to rhythmic modes

Answer 58

A type of bi-modality in which the upper and lower voice is moving their own versions of the same mode, one transposed, the other not

Answer 59

Troubadour form of poetry, which portrays the often witty dialogue between a shepherdess and a knight who tries to seduce her

Answer 60

Three-beat unit in Franconian rhythm comprising three tempi or beats

Answer 61

Notre Dame School composers Active around the turn of the 13th century Editor of the Magnus liber organi (and editor of Leonin) Composer of clausulae, discant and quadrupla

Answer 62

Two pedes (feet) are followed by a cauda (tail) Appears throughout medieval music The two first parts pedes are similar and the cauda is different

Answer 63

Ca 1270-1300 | The triplum attained a faster speed than the lower voices breaking the long notes into shorter and shorter values

Answer 64

1291-1361 French composer and poet Wrote a treatise on Ars Nova 1322-23 New style included: acceptance of the duple division of long and breve along with triple

Answer 65

Described the relationship of the semi breve to the minim (major 3, minor 2) 14th century expansion of Franconian rhythm Perfect vs imperfect

Answer 66

Prose text added to an already existing but non-texted chant melisma Set syllabically Prosula underlines the meaning of the original chant

Answer 67

Form of chant used for the recitation of prayers and readings from the Bible Upper and lower neighbors are used to bring out important words or syllables

Answer 68

A single note to which each verse of text in a psalm tone is rapidly chanted Also called the TENOR The note chosen depended upon the mode in which the psalm was chanted

Answer 69

A special device used by Vitry and others which indicated a temporary shift from perfect to imperfect mensuration or vice versa

Answer 70

short popular melodies quoted in French motets found in triplum or motetus Mid 13th century development

Answer 71

Alternation in a psalm between the congregation or chorus and a soloist Gradual and alleluia follow this form from the Mass

Answer 72

1310-1316 Earliest 14th century musical document from France Manuscript containing the satirical poem Roman de Fauvel and 167 pieces of music, mostly monophonic rondeaux, ballades, chanson-refrains, and some plainsong, BUT also 34 polyphonic motets

Answer 73

A type of conductus involving voice exchange between all three voices

Answer 74

Medieval name for a round | Sumer is Icumen (use of tenor pes included in this round)

Answer 75

A monastery in northwest Spain where there is located a manuscript of early Florid organum circa 12th century

Answer 76

A book of Hildegard von Bingen

Answer 77

Long textless melisma’s which were used as extensions or additions to chant Particularly found in the jubilus of Alleluia

Answer 78

14th century source of Italian Polyphony 352 pieces mostly for two and three voices by 12 composers Includes portraits of each composer Madrigal, Caccia and Ballata

Answer 79

Discant clausulae written to replace sections in discant style in organa Eventually these sections separated from the organa genre and developed into the Motet

Answer 80

15th/ 16th term for beat both in terms of tempo and the conductor’s beat

Answer 81

Described the relationship between the breve to the semibreve Perfect 3, imperfect 2 Expansion of 14th century Franconian rhythm

Answer 82

The voice which holds the preexistent chant

Answer 83

“Wandering tone” 9th psalm tone which does not correspond to a church mode

Answer 84

Musical changes to a chant of the proper or the ordinary Adds either musical melismas or text and music Originally a newly composed addition usually in neumatic style and with a poetic text, to one of the antiphonal chants of the proper Tropes served as prefaces to a chant or were interpolations of its text and music Flourished in the 10th and 11th centuries and died out in the 12th Monastery at St. Gall was known as the center of troping

Answer 85

Secular court musicians of the 12th and 13th centuries Generally accomplished poets but amateur musicians. Troubadours from Provence (south France) Poems focused on the idea of courtly love Poetic forms used for the basis of compositions Musical form is either oda continua or pedes cum cauda Primarily an oral tradition Mid 12th century Eleanor of Acquitaine brought the Troubadour tradition north where it developed into the Trouvere tradition Trouvere music dates from later half of the 13th century, preserved better than Troubadour music

Answer 86

Hymn set by Guido so that the notes C-D-E-F-G-A fell on syllables Ut through LA This was the basis of his system of hexachords

Answer 87

12th century Aquitaine Musical setting monophonic or polyphonic of a poem written in rhymed rhythmic verse Often used as processional music in a church or monastery or to cover liturgical movements within the service

Answer 88

“Principle voice” has original melody and “organizing” voice is added in organum

Answer 89

Two 11th century manuscripts now at Cambridge University Contain 174 two-voice organa Written in non-diastemic neumes, precise transcription is impossible This Troper is the only source of actual performance repertoire of its time