20th Century Flashcards

Question

Combinatoriality

Answer 1

A property of symmetry which may be displayed by a series or other set For example, a 12-note series may be said to exhibit “Inversioal hexachordal combinatoriality” if the first hexachord of one of its forms has the same content as the second hexachord of an inverted form. It is a way of relating serial forms within a work Creative uses of this have been most thoroughly exploited by Milton Babbitt

Answer 2

1900-1991 American composer Studied with Boulanger in Paris gaining knowledge of neoclassicism which he combined with Jazz in his Piano Concerto 1926 Three ballets in which he used American material: Billy the Kid 1938, Rodeo 1942 and Appalachian Spring 1944 Appalachian Spring gave Copland his distinctively American style He moved into Stravinsky-like serialism with Connotations 1961, Inscape 1967

Answer 3

1897-1965 American composer The Tides of Manaunaun 1912 - “clusters” of notes to be played on the piano with the fist, palm or forearm Used the inside of the piano for The Banshee 1925 Influential book “New Musical Resources” 1930 He devised a machine, the rhythmicon for realizing the complex rhythms he was demanding in his music 20 symphonies, which use Persian, Indian and Japanese instruments

Answer 4

Hindemith’s composition textbook Explains the system of composition based on dissonance classifications for different sonorities Music should began simply (triad) and move to a point of maximum dissonance (climax) and ultimate return to simplicity which is why his pieces always end with a major triad Hindemith wished to extend the rules of traditional tonality rather than breaking them altogether The triad remained the foundation for his works

Answer 5

B 1929 American composer Five Piano Pieces 1962 Made use of special instrumental effects in the creation of atmosphere sound imagery, often macabre or nocturnal Ancient voices of Children (for soprano, treble and ensemble) 1970 Makrokosmos 1-2 for piano 1972-3

Answer 6

Used as the four-note pc group D, Eb,C,B which denotes Dmitri Shostakovich used this motive in some of his compositions including his violin concerto

Answer 7

Explicitly “anti-art” much of what the bizarre manifestos, the noise-poetry the chance-poetry, the incomprehensible “simultaneous” poems in three languages at once, and the general obscenity and irrationality were about was a nihilistic and pessimistic negation of both “bourgeois society” and the claims of Modern Art to be able to change that society. Satie’s Gymnopedie 1888, Parade 1917

Answer 8

B 1928 German musicologist Wrote: Habilitation (1966), a fundamental study on the development of tonality He focused on 15th and 16th century music particularly that of Josquin His writing and editorials on Wagner’s music have brought about renewed of Wagner scholarship A constant theme of Dahlhaus’s writings and research is the present conception of music and its place in modern society

Answer 9

1904-1975 Italian composer, pianist and writer Pioneer of dodecaphony in Italy His works combine 12-tone techniques with a love for melody and for the song and dance forms of early Italian music His most important compositions are Variazioni per Orchestra 1954 and Volo di Notte and several song cycles

Answer 10

B 1934 English composer known for his highly dramatic music Music theater pieces of the late 1960s/70s are expressionist in style Eight songs for a mad king (1969) for solo voice and instrumental ensemble feature a crazed obsessive individual with extended vocal techniques Frequently borrows from the Middle Ages and Renaissance“Missa super l’homme arme” 1968 Sometimes quotes directly, other times alludes to or imitates stylistically, using plainsong, church modes, or hocket Uses “magic squares” medieval puzzles of mystically or mathematically related numbers, - to determine the formal structure of pitches or rhythms

Answer 11

A group of artists located in Netherlands which took its name from its monthly publication begun in 1917 Promoted the art of almost mathematical purity based on geometrical shapes This was a new objectivity which was an outgrowth of the post-war Dadaist movement

Answer 12

1862-1918 French composer who had a great deal of influence on the development of 20th century music Founder and main representative of the impressionist musical style Won the Prix de Rome in 1884 Interested in the works of impressionist painters and the poetry of Paul Verlaine, Pierre Louys, Stephane Mallarme Led Debussy to a new style of music first exemplified in his famous “Prelude a l’apres-midi d’un faune” (Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun) after a poem by Mallarme. Tried to create music based on a single uninterrupted theme rather than on shorter, more conventional themes or motifs The evocation of mood, atmosphere and color are all important He achieved this by: instrumentation (particular tone color), Oriental five-tone scale, whole-tone scale, dissonant harmonies, parallel chords and unusual shifting harmonies. Other notable works: Nocturnes, La Mer, and Images, more than 50 songs, the opera Pelleas et Melisande, two books of etudes, string quartet, preludes

Answer 13

1862-1934 An English Composer Combines features of romanticism and Impressionism and making use of English materials Best works are short pieces portraying the English countryside such as “On Hearing the First Cuckoo in Spring” Adapted various folk elements to his music, as in Appalachia, Brigg Fair and North Country Sketches Forms were romantic he employed a number of devices made popular by the impressionists, notably dissonant harmonies and the whole-tone scale

Answer 14

Continuous evolution and transformation of the thematic substance, strictly avoiding literal repetition. Related to the concept of “musical prose” Both concepts are used by Schoenberg is his First Quartet

Answer 15

Director of the ballet company Ballet Russe and other avant-garde movement groups He selected Stravinsky, Satie and many other artists and musicians for his: Petruschka, The Rite of Spring, and Prelude a l’apres-midi d’un faune

Answer 16

B 1935 American composer Early career jazz pianist Received three Prix de Rome 1959, 1960, 1961. He utilized varied resources of electronic instruments with exceptional originality and virtuosity. Closely identified with the Syn-ket a type of electronic synthesizer invented by Pablo Ketoff in 1964, it has several keyboard sensitive to pressure and sliding movement

Answer 17

Music made up of sounds created or manipulated by electronic devices which are recorded and reproduced on magnetic tape or a digital storage medium, OR are created and performed live at virtually the same time A tape recording or floppy disk or circuit diagram corresponds to the written score of traditional music and playing a tape or compact disk may correspond to a musical performance It’s early heavy reliance on tape led electronic music to be called tape music Differs from “music concrete” in that the sounds themselves are generated electronically by a device called a synthesizer 1980s MIDI “musical instrument digital interface”

Answer 18

1857-1934 English composer the first of international importance since the death of Purcell in 1695. Most important works: Pomp and Circumstance marches, The Dream of Gerontius and Enigma Variations, Cello concerto His music follows the general forms and harmonic traditions of the 19th century romantic composers

Answer 19

Phrase coined by Schoenberg to describe his new style of composition after the First Chamber Symphony Emphasis on non-harmonic tones becomes so extreme that they tend to not resolve at all Dissonant harmonic complexes are no longer regulated by underlying triadic successions but are “set free” as absolute harmonic entities, capable of standing on their own and related solely to one another rather than to a single harmonic type representing a universal norm. Das Buch der hangended Garten (op 15), and his monodrama Erwartung Op 17

Answer 20

The study of music in relation to the culture that produced it Traditions typically China, Japan, and Arab countries outside of the western tradition Until the 19th century it was all lumped in together as “exotic music” but towards the end of the 19th century scholars started studying the individual countries in more depth giving the same attention as other disciplines in music One result has been an increased influence of non-western music in wester music in both popular and serious music

Answer 21

A term borrowed from painting to describe certain kinds of 20th century music written as though to express the innermost feelings of the composer or in stage works of the characters Paintings - distortion and exaggeration to picture a kind of inner reality Music - sounds harsh, discordant as well as emotional and dramatic Schoenberg’s Verklarte Nacht (transfigured night), Pierrot Lunaire, Berg’s two operas: Lulu and Wozzeck and Peter Maxwell Davies, Eight Songs for a mad king 1969. Both texts and music concentrate more on the psychology of the characters than on external events German and Austrian composers of the early 20th century like Schoenberg and Berg Believed art should reflect the inner soul of the creator Instead of producing an accurate representation of a scene, a composer should express his personal feelings toward it Involved distorting reality and traditional structures

Answer 22

1876-1946 Foremost Spanish composer of his time Particularly known for his use of traditional Spanish music (much of it very old) in his own music First great success: opera La Vida breve “Life is Short” He’s combined Spanish folk elements with some of the methods of the French impressionist composers Song cycle: Siete Canciones popilares espanolas “Seven popular Spanish Songs” 1914 he used actual folk melodies as well as the rhythms and style of folk music

Answer 23

1845-1924 French composer and teacher His music represents a transition from 19th century romanticism to the idioms of the 20th century Church organist and director of the Paris Conservatory Taught musicians: Ravel and Nadia Boulanger His compositions are noted for a highly original treatment of harmony, careful use of counterpoint and in his songs, the meticulous fitting of words to music He made free use of dissonance but never abandoned tonality His best known songs, numerous piano pieces (preludes, nocturnes, barcaroles, impromptus) and a large amount of chamber music, of which the best examples are two quartets for piano and strings, two piano quintets, and a string quartet composed shortly before his death, Requiem

Answer 24

1926-1987 American composer 1950s closely associated with Cage, Brown, Wolff and Tudor and with the abstract expressionist painters in NY Influenced by the visual artists more than that by any musician He composed pieces immediately recognizable for their extreme point-style scoring and their subdued dynamic range Invented new means of notation to give certain freedom in performance Introduced Graph notation and precise notation but to make duration relatively free

Answer 25

B 1922 German-born American composer, pianist and composer His music combines a variety of styles, among them neoclassicism, romantic lyricism, and American folk elements Late 1950s used various styles experimenting with improvisation, aleatory music, serial techniques and quotation and collage

Answer 26

Early 20th century art movement which encompassed painting, sculpture poetry, theater, music, architecture, and cinema Marinetti initiated the movement in 1909 Futurist rejected tradition and introduced experimental sounds by machinery and inflicted several 20th century composers Often misused to loosely define any sort of avant-garde or difficult music

Answer 27

General name for classical Indonesian orchestra (many different kinds) Javanese music uses two kinds of scale systems - a 5 tone scale called slendro, and a seven tone system called a pelog Texture is usually dense Percussion used: gongs, drums, xylophones, and kettles Central melodic theme is played by metal xylophones

Answer 28

“Music to be used” “Utility music” A term invented in the 1920s for music to be played “used” at home by amateurs instead of in a concert halls by pros Paul Hidemith wrote music especially for this purpose Compositions call for small groups of performers and are not long or difficult Allow for substitutions of instruments when you dont have one available

Answer 29

1898-1937 American composer First to succeed in combining american popular and serious music Rhapsody in Blue for piano and jazz orchestra first performed in 1924 (with composer as soloist) Elements of ragtime, jazz, spirituals and blues Symphonic poem (An American in Paris), Concerto in F for piano, folk opera Porgy and Bess

Answer 30

1916-1983 Argentine composer Nationalism (uses folk elements directly) Subjective nationalism (folk elements are not explicit as in his String Quartet no1) and Neo-Expressionism which began with Quartet no 2, his first entirely serial work. Tragic and fantastic elements in opera. Don Rodrigo 1964 - exploited 12-note techniques

Answer 31

B 1937 American composer first became known for his minimalists music, extensive repetition, rhythmic regularity, conventional tonal harmony 1960s found his own eight-member ensemble 1970s began writing opera - Einstein on the Beach 1976, Akhnaten 1984, a series of meditations in Egyptian, Hebrew and Akkadian

Answer 32

1893-1973 Czech composer, theorist and teacher Originator of the use of quarter-tone and sixth-tones in western art music… to realize this he pioneered the construction of special instruments: three types of quarter-tone piano, harmonium, and a quarter-tone clarinet, trumpet and guitar Microtonal music

Answer 33

1898-1979 American composer whose music is noted for its skillful use of counterpoint Employed traditional tonal material but avoided the use of key signatures, he wrote in a key without saying so

Answer 34

1883-1959 Austrian composer and theorist The central concept of his theory was “Melos” to which “Rhythmus” functioned as a counter-concept Melos = atonal, Rhythmus = tonal music Demanded a purely spiritual, super sensual music composed according to impersonal rules 12-tone composer

Answer 35

B 1926 German-born composer became known for his operas Melodies based on 12-tone system and dissonant harmonies Direct allusions to older musical forms in his operas

Answer 36

1895-1963 A German composer Suite 1922 - rebellion against the 19th century romantic tradition, expressed by use of dissonant harmonies Began to adapt styles from earlier periods, counterpoint of the Baroque and the polyphony of the Renaissance Wrote for older instruments such as the viola d’amore Leading advocate for Gebrauchsmusik and music for the people, by the people Wrote a ton of music to be performed by amateurs and students

Answer 37

1874-1934 English composer and teacher Interests in occult Asian subjects (learned Sanskrit) and early English music Orchestral suite: The Planets, St. Paul’s Suite for string orchestra and Choral Fantasie

Answer 38

1892-1955 Member of Les Six Pacific 231 (1924) tonal portrayal of a locomotive which audiences hailed as a perfect picture of the modern machine age Master of choral composition Oratorio Le roi David 1921, and Jeanne d’Arc au bucher Music noted for its regular highly accented rhythms and effective use of counterpoint

Answer 39

Aleatory music, chance music (see definition) | John Cage, Stockhausen, Boulez and Pousseur

Answer 40

1874-1954 American composer Expression of American music with daring experiments Quoted American hymns, popular songs, dance tunes, mainly conventional tonal forms of the 19th century on the other hand he used conflicting rhythms, multiple keys at the same time (polyrhythm/ polytonality), dissonant harmonies, tone clusters, microtones, and optional voice-parts best known compositions are his four symphonies, Sonata for piano, and The unanswered question for a chamber ensemble and 114 songs Subject matter of New England and nostalgic reflection

Answer 41

Synonymous with serial music in which a series of tones generates the entire structure of a composition

Answer 42

Tone-painting of Debussy Parallel chord movement, unresolved dissonance (7th and 9th chords), whole-tone scales and subtle unusual timbral effects The idea is to present a general “impression” of a scene rather than its precise equivalent

Answer 43

Serial music is constructed according to permutations of a group of elements placed in a certain order or series Extension of classical Schoenbergian 12-tone pitch techniques and it generally applies serial control to musical elements including pitches, durations, or virtually any other musical value Stockhausen, Boulez, Babbitt

Answer 44

1854-1928 Czechoslovakian composer Interested in folk music from which he derived a complex theory of harmony which he applied in his own works He adopted characteristic intervals and scales of Slavic folk music (as well as French Impressionism) as well as the device of insistent melodic repetition Operas: Jenufa 1904, The Cunning Little Vixen and numerous chamber works and folk-song arrangements

Answer 45

B 1926 American composer and theorist Variety of styles: serial, electronic, aleatory, microtonal but especially with works in just intonation Rock chamber orchestra Carmilla 1970, theater pieces, ballets, incidental music, several string quartets, sonata for microtonal piano, choral music and songs and music for films and exhibitions

Answer 46

B 1931 Argentinian composer Avant-garde music, films, plays Music incorporates theatrical elements, mixing actors and musicians Exploring new musical timbres Musique concrete, new vocal techniques and electronic composition

Answer 47

Leading figure in the expressionist movement First major artist to create completely non-representational paintings He exchanged ideas with Schoenberg

Answer 48

“Tone-color melody” Succession of tone colors treated as a structure analogous to a melody (or succession of pitches) Term coined by Schoenberg in his Harmonielehre of 1911. Reflected in his Five Orchestral Pieces op 16 1909. Played an important role in the development of serial music and in some electro-acoustic music The texture that results has sometimes been called pointillism by analogy with painting

Answer 49

1882-1967 Hungarian composer, music educator and ethnomusicologist Organized a vast body of Hungarian folk songs with Bartok Wrote numerous singing and reading exercises, sonata for solo cello and other vocal and instrumental works

Answer 50

1900-1991 Austrian composer Zeitoper trend - “jazz opera” = Jonny spielt auf 1926 returned to tonal idiom, cantilena style of Puccini with jazz elements Used neoclassicism, neoromanticism, integral serialism, and indeterminacy. Several operas, orchestral works, chamber works and vocal music

Answer 51

Name given to a group of six French composers in 1920 Their style came to represent the light and bubbly flavor of post-war France… a direct and light approach free of the pretensions of the concert hall Shared the aesthetic ideals of Erik Satie Arthur Honegger, Darius Milhaud, Germaine Tailleferre, Georges Auric and Francis Poulenc

Answer 52

1923-2006 Transylvanian composer lived in Hungary Like Penderecki he worked with tone clusters Ligeti formed his clusters from separate components that changed constantly to produce subtly transforming internal patterns Planes of sound or Klangflachenkomposition: the clear articulation of melody, harmony and rhythm are abandoned in favor of the timbre and texture of the sound itself Ligeti’s Atmospheres 1961 is in this style

Answer 53

1860-1911 Austrian composer and conductor He can be seen as the last link in the chain of Austro-German symphonic composers Symphony: greater length, lyricism from Schubert and Buckner, inclusion of voices (in tradition of Beethoven) He tended towards constant variation in his music, continuously evolving new material out of old His music tends to avoid accompanimental filler in favor of an essentially polyphonic texture influenced by Bach His harmonic language is conservative, but tonally his music is more exceptional complete works./ individual movements no longer define a single key, but instead explore a range of related and interconnected regions often closing in a different key from the one in which they began Music marked with a high degree of disjunction and juxtaposition Works: (no opera or chamber music) 9 Symphonies, lieder, cantata, the songs with orchestral accompaniment Das Lied von der Erde and some settings of the poem Des Knaben Wunderhorn

Answer 54

1882-1973 Italian composer and musicologist Over 30 operas, 11 symphonies, 6 piano concertos. Chamber and piano music Influenced by early Baroque and Gregorian chant Reacted against 19th century Italian opera neo-Modality

Answer 55

Search for expanded tonal resources in much mid-19th century music First modern composer to divide the semitone: Halevy in his cantata Promethe enchaine 1847 First microtonal piece (in western tradition) is a string quartet by John Foulds 1897. American composers: Hanson and Ives were experimenting with music for two pianos tuned a quarter tone apart Composers of electronic music have made the greatest use of microtones because of the ease in which their machinery can produce those tones

Answer 56

1892-1974 French composer and member of Les Six Ballet score: La Creation du Monde 1923 first concert works influenced by American Jazz “Minute operas” three ten minute operas light-hearted stage works He used Polytonality - two or more keys in his piano suite Saudades do Brasil 1921 15 operas, 17 ballets, 13 symphonies, 18 string quartets, orchestral scores (over 20 concertos), chamber works, songs, choral music and incidental music for film, stage and radio

Answer 57

American style based on highly repetitive use of the simplest compositional means Emphasis is on very small changes from the literal repetition Philip Glass

Answer 58

Rhythmic technique devised by Elliot Carter (cello sonata 1948) The basic pulse is altered by taking some fractional subdivision (or multiple) of its total value and treating that as a new pulse of different value.. the result is a proportional shift in rate of pulse in other words, a change in tempo

Answer 59

Momente is a work by Stockhausen for soprano, 4 choral groups and 13 instrumentalists composed in 1962 Based on the combination of what he termed moments: brief units of musical time defined by a particular process Moments may be combined in a variety of ways perhaps at the discretion of the performers

Answer 60

The constant unfolding of an unbroken musical argument without recourse to the symmetrical balances produced by phrases or sections of equal length and corresponding thematic content (exemplified by Classical “period”) The result is a polyphonic texture in which all parts are equally developmental and motivically derived Schoenberg: First quartet 1905

Answer 61

Music made on tape with sounds drawn from nature and man made noises then sometimes altered electronically As opposed to played on musical instruments Varese, Messiaen, Berio, Stockhausen, Cage and Boulez

Answer 62

A chord used by Skryabin consisting of various types of fourths It occurs prominently in his tone poem Promethee 1908

Answer 63

A tendency to employ the techniques and forms of pre-Romantic periods, principally Baroque and Classical Commonly applied to works of Stravinsky in the Rakes Progress Features include: objectivity, motivic clarity, textural transparency, formal balance, tonal centricity and the reliance upon stylistic models Composers: Prokofiev, Milhaud, Hindemith, Shostakovich

Answer 64

1865-1931 Danish composer and contemporary of Sibelius Like Sibelius, he built his work upon the foundation of 19th century symphonic tradition renouncing the innovations introduced by other composers 6 Symphonies true to established classical formal categories with triadic models supporting a traditional tonal structure His music generally avoids excessive chromaticism quite different from Sibelius 2 operas, concertos for violin and clarinet and chamber works

Answer 65

1895-1982 German composer and music educator Created a style that satisfied the Nazi Regime Carmina burana 1937 setting of Latin and German songs simple syllabic settings projected through elemental chant-like melodic figures

Answer 66

B 1935 Estonian composer His works move through a variety of styles: serialist techniques, aleatoric devices, influenced by Prokofiev, quotes from medieval music, pre-modern music Tabula Rasa 1977 American minimalism arpeggiates voices endlessly over long pedal drones which prolongs a single consonant triad which resonates unendingly through the entire piece

Answer 67

1901-1974 American composer, instrument maker and performer Works draw on American folklore immigrant culture, Christian hymns and Native American, African and eastern cultures 43-note scale, alternative tuning systems, microtonal compositions, mixed-media works and minimalist Most of his works involve dancers and actors as well as musicians

Answer 68

B 1915 American composer and theorist Most of his works reflect his theory of twelve-tone tonality which incorporates hierarchic relations among pitch classes and chords analogous to those found in tonal music Studies of the music of Schoenberg, Berg and Webern Twelve-Tone Tonality 1977 Book - his theory of 12-tone composition explained

Answer 69

B1933 Polish composer Threnody for the Victims of Hiroshima 1960 for strings illustrate his experimentation with sound blocks or “clusters”, colors, and textures to create formal structures His style is characterized by a rich lyricism and Romantic orchestration moving toward modality and tonal centricity and away from serialistic devices Opera, choral music, instrumental works, chamber works and music for electronic tape

Answer 70

Combining pop influence and mixed-media such as film, slides, props, lighting, electronically altered voice, stylized body gestures, violin playing, story telling, poetry and singing Laurie Anderson B 1947, other composers Reich and Glass

Answer 71

B 1904 Italian composer Diatonic neo-classical style derived from Stravinsky

Answer 72

A poly chord of C major and F# major | Rite of Spring uses a poly chord of Bb7 first inversion over Cb Major

Answer 73

1912 Schoenberg famed setting of twenty-one poems by the French poet Albert Giraud Work is set in German for Sprechstimme (half-speaking, half-singing vocal production) and five instruments (piano, violin, flute, alto flute, cello, clarinet and bass clarinet) Giraud’s poems express madness and decadence and fit nicely with the eerie quality of Sprechstimme All 21 poems have different instrumental combinations Feature use of contrapuntal technique marking a move away from Schoenberg’s earlier free style

Answer 74

A prominent technique in the music of Steve Reich since 1967 (piano phase) Two or more melodic lines comparing the same rhythm are presented together and then one line subtlety accelerates until it is one time-unit out of phase with the other. The acceleration occurs enough times to bring the two lines back to the unity of the original presentation Concentration is on the interaction of the rhythms and rhythmic nuances rather than melody, pitch

Answer 75

Or “pitch-space” A term used by 20th century analysts of 20th century music to describe the division of all audible musical space into half-step increments Pitch-space or the pitch continuum constitutes all audible musical pitches

Answer 76

1869-1949 German composer Compositions ne’er pass beyond the limits of late Romantic tonal and harmonic practice Opera: Palestrina 1915 Defender of the Romantic style and against the emergence of 20th century techniques

Answer 77

1899-1963 One of the Les Six Probably embodied the ideals of Les Six better than any other Style tends to be triadic and simplistic with lyric quality best suited to songs Many religious works: Gloria and Stabat Mater and opera La Voix Humaine (for one singer) Dialogues of the Carmelites 1956 Three acts; twelve scenes with linking orchestral interludes

Answer 78

Music trend evident in the music of the early 20th century (Bartok and Stravinsky) Countries that were less “advanced” artistically and lacked well-defined artistic goals often drew strength from their pasts and their sense of primitive folk beginnings Uses of folk-tunes, melodic grace notes, unusual scalar formations (pentatonic and octatonic) asymmetrical phraseology, and sonorities of primitive of folk instruments Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring (no authentic folk tunes) is the epitome of this style both in terms of musical construction and programmatic content

Answer 79

1891-1953 Anti-Romantic and anti-emotional His classical symphony meant to evoke the style of Haydn betrays Neo-Classicism Music for the piano, seven symphonies, two violin concertos, three piano concertos, the ballet: Romeo and Juliet and Love of Three Oranges

Answer 80

A group centered in France and led by the architect Le Corbusier The group reacted to the absurdity of Dada and idealized simplicity, the use of industrial materials

Answer 81

1875-1937 Ravel once stated that his goal as a composer was to achieve technical perfection Many of his works feature exoticism (Scherezade, Rapsodie espagnole), jazz and antiquated musical styles, forms, and gestures Virtuoso orchestrator (Pictures at an Exhibition, Bolero) His music owes a great deal to Debussy in its use of freely employed non-harmonic tones and richly extended triadic harmonies though his style is more firmly rooted in traditional functional tonality He preferred to polish and update current techniques rather than create anew

Answer 82

B 1936 Participated in the first performance of Riley’s “In C” highly predicated on repetition His first works were tape loops and out of this grew innovations with phase technique Most of his music features brief diatonic figures, steady rhythmic pulsation and percussive attacks played with machine-like accuracy Some of his later works start to employ contrapuntal techniques so they sound more traditional

Answer 83

B 1935 First composer to experiment with repeating tape loops He was the composer of “In C” 1960s The piece is based on 53 standard patterns of 18th century tonal music all in C Major performers then play these snippets in any sequence with any number of instruments performing at the same time, the surface rhythm is strictly dictated by regular eighth notes Cs played on the upper register of the piano, other performers play their piece at their own rate of speed, repeating each one until they decide to go to the next one

Answer 84

B 1918 A composer who integrated pre-existing music into his compositions His music alludes to tonal music even though its not tonal itself

Answer 85

B 1938 | American composer who adopted a popular style out of political convictions

Answer 86

1866-1925 French composer who most set the tone for the rejection of German Romanticism in France His harmonic language (evident in the Gymnopedies for piano) is diatonic but not tonally-directed and probably derived from Chabrier and Faure Many of his pieces have humorous titles or verbal indications (slow-down politely) His most famous work was the multi-media production of Parade he put on with Jean Cocteau

Answer 87

B 1934 | Musical pluralist Russian composer who has used styles and quotations from many different historical periods

Answer 88

Serenade Opus 24 section titled “Sonett” was the first 12-tone piece Three Piano Pieces op 11 earliest consistently atonal and first ones to be published

Answer 89

A series of pieces composed by Luciano Berio in the 1950s for solo instrument and voice These pieces were meant to be virtuosic showpieces of newly-developed 20th century techniques for the given instruments

Answer 90

1896-1985 Musical output small Started out neo-classical in focus (somewhat like Copland) but moved away from Stravinsky and more towards Schoenberg Very expressive and personal in nature (not a neo-classical trait) He felt that music should be popular in nature and moved toward ever-increasing complexity in his works 12-tone work still remains expressive Sessions is the best symphonist produced by America and many of his works trace a direct line back to German-Romanticism

Answer 91

B 1921 Developed total chromaticism including an unsystematic use of 12-tone procedures Concerned with combinations of sounds rather than transformations or development of sound “Spatial” approach to music

Answer 92

1906-1975 Lady MacBeth opera Style features expressive tonal language but extremely chromatic and features the use of dissonant counterpoint His music displays an amazing display of Affects

Answer 93

1865-1957 Finnish composer Most of his works are symphonic in construction and based on programmatic conceptions inspired by Finnish national literature Seven symphonies dominated his creative output Uses no actual folk-melodies in his music, though it still retains a national character due to the dark orchestral colors and use of modal scales

Answer 94

1872-1915 Russian composer who most consequentially carried out the tradition of late 19th century Russian musical experimentation Most of his early works are for piano Final break with tonality in Prometheus and extended orchestral work Along with Prometheus a number of the later piano sonatas and short piano pieces are all based on the “mystic chord” Characteristic of this music is the fact that melody and harmony are derived from the same course, “Melody is dissolved harmony, harmony is vertically compressed melody”

Answer 95

An attempt in 1871 to counter the pervasive influence of Wagner and the trend towards late Romantic chromaticism Founded by Saint-Saens, Chabrier, and Faure with the purpose of inspiring a musical renaissance of specifically French character Emphases was placed on resurrecting absolute music and returning to the ideals of order, clarity and restraint

Answer 96

Group founded by Schoenberg in 1919 to perform a wide range of new music encompassing such varied composers as Debussy, Bartok, Berger and Schoenberg and his pupils the idea was to present contemporary music in a setting conducive to its proper appreciation Compositions were carefully rehearsed difficult works were repeated, publicity was avoided and critics were barred Only lasted for 3 years but it furnished an early reflection of the isolation of “new music” from “official” concert institutions

Answer 97

Vocal style half way in between speaking and singing Calls for the approximate reproduction of pitches Often notated with an “X” on the note head Schoenberg Pierrot Lunaire

Answer 98

A type of music explain by Stockhausen as music which depends upon only approximate designations Density of texture become so great that individual notes can no longer be accurately precieved, everything tends to melt together in a generalized total affect. Obviously one type of statistical music would be stochastic music

Answer 99

Based on probability theory Individual details not as important as the movement of large blocks of sound (just as the movement of individual atoms are not important in the movement of clouds) Metastasis 1954 - Iannis Xenakis

Answer 100

Book by Oliver Messiaen written in 1944 Known for the technique of “added value” and the use of non retrogradeable rhythms, rhythmic pedals and canons, and polyrhythmic textures He is also noted for the progressive transformation of one rhythm to another, coloristic approach to Harmony, and the modes of limited transposition

Answer 101

Memories of Shostakovich

Answer 102

1896-1989 American composer Studied with Nadia Boulanger and met Satie, Cocteau and Les Six The Mother of us All (based on the life of Susan b Anthony) Music often makes allusions to Protestant hymns, popular song, and folk dances Instrumental works include a violin sonata, two string quartets a series of instrumental portraits and others

Answer 103

B 1905 British composer who wrote in nearly every genre and many styles Draw on other musics, like African American spirituals, blues, English Folk song Late works draw on avant-garde music

Answer 104

new timbres of 20th century | First used on the piano by Henry Cowell in the 1920s, later by John Cage in his prepared piano pieces

Answer 105

The single most important musical organization in the Soviet Union Establish in 1932 by the government in reaction to a group of young composers headed by Shostakovich The idea was to end the permissive period of music making and control Soviet Culture

Answer 106

1883-1965 Pioneer of new music Explored new musical sound First on power to exploit percussion and raise rhythm to an equal plan with pitch

Answer 107

1872-1958 The foremost English composer in the first half of the 20th century Motivated by national and cosmopolitan sources (English folksong, hymnody, and English literature as well as s Bach, Handel, Debussy and Ravel) He is widely known for his composition of new hymns Sea Symphony, Fantasia on a theme by Thomas Tallis, The London Symphony, The pastoral symphony and many songs

Answer 108

1887-1959 Brazilian composer Represents nationalism in Latin America Best known works are the 14 Choros a series of compositions for various vocal and instrumental combination

Answer 109

1902-1982 Style close to Les Six even though he was an English Composer Later works tend to reflect English style in descendent from Elgar Two operas, a famous oratorio (Belshazzar’s Feast) and a few chamber works

Answer 110

1883-1945 One of Schoenberg’s disciples Uses Klangfarbenmelodie, where a motif or phrase is distributed among several instruments His style is economic and concentrated often with imitative counterpoint Textures are very thin rhythms are complex and the sound rarely rises above a forte Instrumentation is unusual Movements are very shorts Language is very compressed demanding a lot of attention from the listener

Answer 111

1900-1950 One of Germany’s leading dramatic composers The Three Penny Opera an adaption of Gay’s Beggar’s Opera and The Seven Deadly Sins Incorporated a lot of popular music elements Most of his music was meant as a social commentary and a means to motivate people to fight oppression

Answer 112

1922-2001 Greek Composer who explored new timbres of traditional instruments Focused on finding new ways in which mathematical structures could be realized into musical sound Metastasis is based on the Fibonacci series Experimented with electronic music, aleatoric music and computer music to carry out mathematical equations

Answer 113

Named by Busoni to his conception of a hoped-for new music which would take into account all the gains of previous experiments and their inclusion in strong and beautiful forms Microtonal divisions of the octave, electronic instruments, new notational systems, and the overthrow of the tyranny of the major and minor systems Direct reaction to Romanticism

Answer 114

B 1935 One of the pioneers of the minimalist movement The Tortoise: His Dreams and Journeys 1964 - What is an improvisation in which instrumentalists and singers come in and out on various harmonics over a fundamental played as a drone on a synthesizer. He also experimented with works that had verbal instruction and no notes.

Answer 115

1940-1993 Rock song writer who was first recognized with the band Mothers of Invention Beginning in the 1980s he was involved in avant-garde composition and performance Album Jazz From Hell was written on the synclavier

Answer 116

German for “opera of the time” Referred to the practice of writing libretti which feature modern people in contemporary situations Hindemith’s Neues vom Tage (News of the Day 1929) in which there is an office scene with twelve type-writers contributing to the music and a woman who sings an aria from a bathtub

Answer 117

1918-1970 German composer Opera Die Soldaten 1965 gave him international stature Combines serialism, expressionistic orchestration, jazz interludes bach chorales, Gregorian chant and other styles in a “pluralistic texture” He applied this collage technique to other works as well