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DMod2 Pt1 Viral Diseases of Cats > DM2 Pt1-3 Cat Flu (FCV & FHV) > Flashcards

DM2 Pt1-3 Cat Flu (FCV & FHV) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general term used for upper respiratory tract infections in cats?

A

Cat flu is the general term used for upper respiratory tract infections in cats.

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2
Q

What are the two main viral causes of cat flu?

A

Feline Calicivirus (FCV) and Feline Herpesvirus (FHV).

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3
Q

What other pathogens can cause flu-like symptoms in cats besides FCV and FHV?

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica and Chlamydophila felis.

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4
Q

How is FCV mainly transmitted?

A

FCV is shed predominantly in oral and nasal secretions during acute disease.

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5
Q

What proportion of cats continue shedding FCV after recovery?

A

Up to 40% of cats continue shedding FCV after recovery, with a few shedding for several years.

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6
Q

How does FCV evolve quickly, making vaccination challenging?

A

FCV has a small, single-stranded RNA genome that evolves quickly, constantly changing.

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7
Q

What is acute oral and upper respiratory tract disease associated with FCV?

A

It mainly affects kittens and causes oral ulceration, sneezing, and serous nasal discharge.

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8
Q

What are the possible complications of FCV in young or sick cats?

A

Complications include pneumonia, secondary bacterial infections, and death.

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9
Q

What is chronic stomatitis in cats, and how is it related to FCV?

A

Chronic stomatitis is a proliferative/ulcerative faucitis, possibly an immune reaction to FCV.

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10
Q

What is limping syndrome in relation to FCV?

A

Limping syndrome is an acute, transient lameness with fever that can follow FCV infection or vaccination.

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11
Q

What characterizes virulent systemic FCV disease?

A

It is characterized by systemic inflammatory response syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, multiorgan failure, and death.

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12
Q

What is the mortality rate of virulent systemic FCV disease?

A

Mortality rates can reach up to 67%.

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13
Q

Why is strict hygiene important in practices dealing with FCV outbreaks?

A

It helps prevent outbreaks of virulent systemic FCV disease.

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14
Q

How can FCV be diagnosed?

A

FCV can be diagnosed by virus isolation or PCR, using conjunctival, oral, blood, or tissue samples.

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15
Q

What should be considered when interpreting positive PCR results for FCV?

A

Positive PCR results may reflect low-level shedding by carriers, so they don’t confirm FCV as the cause of disease.

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16
Q

How is virulent systemic FCV disease diagnosed?

A

It is diagnosed based on clinical signs and isolation of the same strain from the blood of several diseased cats.

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17
Q

How do maternally derived antibodies affect vaccination in kittens?

A

Maternally derived antibodies protect kittens in early weeks but may interfere with vaccination, and they persist longer than FHV antibodies.

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18
Q

When do virus-neutralizing antibodies typically appear after FCV infection?

A

They appear about 7 days after infection.

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19
Q

What is crucial for the treatment of severely affected cats with FCV?

A

Intensive nursing care, supportive therapy, hydration, and ensuring food intake are crucial.

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20
Q

What are the common reasons for reduced food intake in FCV-affected cats?

A

Pyrexia, oral ulcers, and loss of sense of smell due to nasal congestion reduce food intake.

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21
Q

What can be used to treat fever and oral pain in cats with FCV?

A

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can be used once the cat is rehydrated.

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22
Q

How can mucous nasal discharge in FCV-affected cats be treated?

A

Mucolytic drugs like bromhexine and nebulisation with saline can help combat nasal discharge.

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23
Q

What antiviral drug can be used to treat FCV?

A

Famciclovir can be used as an antiviral treatment for FCV.

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24
Q

Why might an oesophagostomy tube be used for FCV-affected cats?

A

It allows feeding and medication administration without touching the cat’s sore face, which is helpful when naso-oesophageal tubes are difficult to place.

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25
What treatments are used for virulent systemic FCV disease?
Intensive supportive therapy, fluid therapy, antibiotics, steroids, and interferon are used, but mortality remains high.
26
What treatments are recommended for chronic stomatitis in FCV-infected cats?
Treatments include antibiotics, rigorous dental cleaning, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and in some cases, total teeth extraction.
27
Why is FCV a common problem in shelters?
FCV is common in shelters due to the risk of virus transmission, making virus control measures as important as vaccination.
28
How should cats be housed in shelters to limit FCV transmission?
Cats should be housed individually unless they come from the same household.
29
How long can FCV persist in the environment?
FCV can persist in the environment for about 1 month.
30
What disinfectants are effective against FCV?
Sodium hypochlorite (5% bleach diluted at 1:32), potassium peroxymonosulfate, chlorine dioxide, and other calicivirus-approved products.
31
Why is FCV a frequent problem in breeding catteries?
FCV often affects young kittens as MDA wane, causing severe respiratory disease and sometimes death.
32
Can vaccination of queens prevent FCV shedding?
No, vaccination won't prevent virus shedding, but it may provide kittens with higher MDA levels for early protection.
33
When should queens be vaccinated before breeding?
Queens should receive a booster vaccination before mating, but vaccination during pregnancy is discouraged.
34
What type of vaccine should be used for pregnant queens, if vaccination is considered?
An inactivated vaccine should be used, as modified-live vaccines are not licensed for pregnant queens.
35
What vaccination schedule is recommended for FCV in kittens?
Two injections at 9 and 12 weeks of age, a booster 1 year later, and then boosters every 3 years. In high-risk situations, a third vaccination at 16 weeks is recommended.
36
Why are annual vaccinations sometimes recommended for cats in high-risk situations?
Cats in high-risk situations should be revaccinated annually to maintain protection.
37
Why might cats that have recovered from FCV still be at risk of infection?
Recovered cats may not be protected for life, especially against distinct FCV strains not included in vaccines.
38
What was the treatment provided to Cleo, the 8-year-old Burmese cat?
Cleo received fluids, an oesophagostomy tube, nutrition, cleaning of secretions, nebulisation, analgesia, ocular antibiotics, and antiviral (famciclovir) treatment.
39
What disease is caused by Feline Herpesvirus (FHV)?
Feline viral rhinotracheitis, an upper respiratory tract disease.
40
What is the typical outcome of an acute FHV infection?
Latent chronic infection, with cats becoming lifelong carriers of the virus.
41
How is viral shedding in FHV carriers reactivated?
Reactivation occurs due to stress or immunosuppressant treatments, leading to shedding in oronasal and conjunctival secretions.
42
How does FHV compare to FCV in terms of antigenic variation?
All FHV isolates are antigenically similar, making vaccination simpler compared to FCV, which has multiple strains.
43
How long can FHV-infected cats shed the virus after infection?
Infected cats can shed the virus for up to 3 weeks.
44
How is FHV transmitted between cats?
FHV transmission requires direct contact with a shedding cat, though fomites like bedding can also transmit the virus.
45
How long can FHV survive in the environment?
FHV can survive for up to 48 hours in damp conditions.
46
What are the primary disease signs of FHV infection?
Acute rhinitis, conjunctivitis, fever, depression, and anorexia.
47
What eye condition is commonly associated with FHV infection?
FHV is associated with ulcerative, dendritic keratitis and may cause corneal ulcers and chronic sequestra.
48
What is stromal keratitis, and how is it related to FHV?
Stromal keratitis is a secondary immune-mediated reaction caused by the presence of FHV in the epithelium or stroma.
49
What chronic condition can result from damage to the nasal turbinates in FHV infection?
Chronic rhinitis can result from nasal turbinate damage during acute FHV infection.
50
What dermatological condition may occur with FHV infection?
Dermatological disease is possible as a result of FHV infection.
51
What samples can be tested for FHV diagnosis?
Conjunctival, corneal, or oropharyngeal swabs, corneal scrapings, or biopsies.
52
What diagnostic methods are used for FHV?
PCR or virus isolation (VI).
53
Why should caution be taken when interpreting positive PCR results for FHV?
Positive PCR results may reflect low-level shedding or viral latency, not necessarily active infection.
54
How long do maternally derived antibodies (MDA) protect kittens from FHV?
MDA protects kittens during the first weeks of life, with antibody persisting for up to 10 weeks.
55
Does natural FHV infection result in solid immunity?
No, natural infection protects against disease but not infection, and reinfection can occur.
56
What is the recommended treatment for cats with severe FHV clinical signs?
Intravenous fluids to restore fluids, electrolytes, and acid-base balance, and ensuring food intake.
57
What should be done if a cat with FHV stops eating due to loss of smell or oral ulcers?
Highly palatable food should be offered, possibly blended and warmed, and a feeding tube should be placed if intake is insufficient for 3 days.
58
What is recommended to prevent secondary bacterial infections in cats with acute FHV?
Broad-spectrum antibiotics with good respiratory tract penetration.
59
How can nasal discharge in FHV-infected cats be managed?
Wipe discharge with saline, apply a local ointment, and use mucolytic drugs like bromhexine or saline nebulisation.
60
What is the role of famciclovir in the treatment of FHV?
Famciclovir is an antiviral drug effective in treating Herpes-related disease, including ocular and nasal symptoms.
61
What should be used for ocular FHV, and what is a potential issue with treatment?
Topical ocular preparations can be used, though some antiviral drops may be irritant.
62
Is FHV vaccination considered a core vaccination?
Yes, FHV vaccination is a core vaccination because the disease is common and can be fatal.
63
What is the recommended quarantine period for new cats in shelters?
New cats should be quarantined for at least 2 weeks, preferably 3 weeks, to prevent infection spread.
64
What management measures should be taken in shelters to prevent FHV outbreaks?
Shelter design should avoid cross-contamination, and new cats should be vaccinated as soon as possible.
65
How does FHV commonly affect kittens in breeding catteries?
FHV typically affects kittens at 4-8 weeks of age as maternal antibodies (MDA) wane, often with the mother being the source due to reactivated latent infection.
66
When should queens receive booster vaccinations for FHV?
Queens should receive booster vaccinations before mating to ensure kittens benefit from higher MDA levels.
67
What is the earliest age for FHV vaccination in kittens?
FHV vaccines are licensed for use in kittens as early as 6 weeks, though vaccination at 4 weeks may be considered in some cases.
68
What should be done if a queen consistently produces FHV-affected litters?
Early weaning should be considered, and the queen should not be bred again if she tests positive and consistently produces affected litters.
69
How do FHV vaccines protect cats?
FHV vaccines induce both antibodies and cellular immunity, reducing virus excretion but not necessarily preventing infection.
70
What is the recommended FHV vaccination schedule for kittens?
Kittens should be vaccinated at 9 weeks, followed by a second dose 2-4 weeks later, and an additional vaccination at 16 weeks to ensure MDA has waned.
71
How often should booster vaccinations for FHV be given in low-risk cats?
For low-risk cats (e.g., indoor-only), booster vaccinations are recommended every 3 years.
72
What is the recommendation for FHV booster vaccinations in high-risk cats?
High-risk cats (e.g., outdoor or visiting catteries) should receive annual booster vaccinations.
73
How long does immunity against FHV typically last after vaccination?
Immunity against FHV lasts longer than 1 year in most vaccinated cats, according to experimental studies and serological data.
74
Should recovered cats be vaccinated against FHV?
Yes, vaccination is recommended for recovered cats as they may still be susceptible to reinfection with other respiratory pathogens.

DMod2 Pt1 Viral Diseases of Cats (7 decks)

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