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Human Biology - structure and Function Of Neurons > Divison And Differentiation In human Ces > Flashcards

Divison And Differentiation In human Ces Flashcards

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1
Q

Differentiation

A

Differentiation is the process by which an unspecialised cell becomes altered and adapted to perform a specialised function as part of a permanent tissue.

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2
Q

How does a cell specialise?

A

By turning on or off certain genes

  • some end are switched off
  • genes that are vital to all living cells are expressed
  • genes for specialised cell function are expressed
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3
Q

Unspecialised cell

A

An unspecialised cell is a cell which is not specialised to carry out a particular function (e.g. A stem cell)

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4
Q

Totipotent

A

Can differentiate into all cell types

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5
Q

Pluripotent

A

Can differentiate into any cell type except placenta

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6
Q

Multi potent

A

Can differentiate into a more limited range of cell types, usually from the tissue the stem cell is found in

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7
Q

Stem cells

A

Stem cells are unspecialised cells that have the ability to reproduce or differentiate into a diverse range of specialised cells

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8
Q

Stem cells can either …

A
  • reproduce themselves by mitosis while remaining undifferentiated
  • differentiate into specialised cell types
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9
Q

At the blastocyst stage, embryonic cells are described as ?

A

Pluripotent

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10
Q

Embryonic stem cells can either…

A
  • divide into specialised cells
  • put in a lab under in vitro conditions to form stem cells (embryonic stem cells) thus providing a bank of stem cells for research
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11
Q

Where are adult stem cells found ?

A
  • locations such as skin or red bone marrow

- small numbers in the tissues and organs of adults and children

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12
Q

What are adult stem cells described as?

A

Multi potent. Can give rise to a limited number of cell types, closely related to the tissue in which they are normally located (those in red bone marrow could give rise to rbcs)

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13
Q

What are adult stem cells used for?

A

Growth and repair

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14
Q

Somatic cells

A

All differentiated cells derived from stem cells are called somatic cells

Somatic cells form different types of body tissue

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15
Q

Epithelium

A

Lines major body cavities, tubular structure

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16
Q

Connective

A

Bone, cartilage and blood

17
Q

Bone

A

Consists of concentric layers of calcified material laid down around blood vessels

18
Q

Blood

A

Connective

19
Q

Muscle

A

Skeletal striped fibres, smooth spindle shaped involuntary and cardiac

20
Q

Nervous

A

Composed of network of nerve cells called neurones, which receive and transmit nerve impulses, also glial cells which support and maintain the neurones

21
Q

Mutations in somatic cells

A

Mutations will not be passed through generations as it involved in sexual reproduction

22
Q

Germline cells

A

A cell that leads to the formation of sex cells (gametes)

23
Q

Where are germline cells situated?

A

Testes and ovaries

24
Q

Is a germline cell diploid or haploid

A

A germline cell, like a somatic cell is diploid, its nucleus contains 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes and is able to undergo mitosis to produce more germline cells

THEY PRODUCE HAPLOID GAMETES

25
Q

What can germline cells do?

A
  • divide by mitosis to replace themselves

Produce haploid gametes by dividing by meiosis

26
Q

Why are germline cells described as immortal?

A

They do not die, can divide indefinitely

27
Q

Will mutations be passed into offspring in germline cells?

A

Yes, will be passed onto offspring during sexual reproduction

28
Q

Why is meiosis important

A

Involved in sexual reproduction

Important for sexual variation

29
Q

Therapeutic uses of stem cells

A

Skin grafts, bone marrow transplants, cornea repair

30
Q

What is a cancer?

A

A cancer is an uncontrolled growth of cells that do not respond to regulatory signals

31
Q

What is a tumour

A

When cancer cells divide uncontrollably to produce a mass of abnormal cells called a tumour

32
Q

Benign tumour

A

Remains as a discrete group of abnormal cells in one place within an otherwise normal tissue

Do not cause problems, easily removed

33
Q

Malignant tumour

A

When some of its cells lose the surface molecules that keep them attached to the original group enter the circulatory system and spread through the body, forming secondary tumours

34
Q

Agents causing cancerous damage

A

Smoking, pollution, ultraviolet radiation

Human Biology - structure and Function Of Neurons (3 decks)

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