division & differentiation 1.1

Question 1

somatic cells

Answer 1

any cell in the body other than the gametes

Question 2

are somatic cells haploid or diploid

Answer 2

diploid

Question 3

meiosis

Answer 3

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

Question 4

what does meiosis produce

Answer 4

gametes

Question 5

where does meiosis take place for males

Answer 5

the testes

Question 6

where does meiosis take place for females

Answer 6

the ovaries

Question 7

germaline cells

Answer 7

gametes and the stem cells that divide to form gametes

Question 8

what do germaline cells divide by

Answer 8

the cell divides by mitosis to form two daughter cells, those daughter cells then divide by meiosis to form four haploid gametes

Question 9

cellular differentiation

Answer 9

the process by which a cell expresses certain genes to produce proteins characteristic for that cell type

Question 10

stem cells

Answer 10

unspecialised cells that can self renew or differentiate into specialised cells

Question 11

the two types of stem cells

Answer 11

embryonic and tissue

Question 12

embryonic stem cells

Answer 12

-found in the very early embryo (blastocyst)
-have all their genes ‘switched on’ so they can differentiate into all the cell types that make up the individual
-are pluripotent

Question 13

tissue stem cells

Answer 13

-found in particular tissues and organs throughout the body (bone marrow, brain, skin)
-can differentiate into all of the cell types found in a particular tissue type
-are multipotent

Question 14

stem cells are used as model cells to:

Answer 14

-provide info on how cell processes such as growth, differentiate and gene regulation work

-study how diseases and disorders develop

-test the response of cells to new drugs

Question 15

therapeutic uses of stem cells

Answer 15

repair of damaged or diseased organs or tissues

-skin graphs
-corneal repair

Question 16

skin graphs

Answer 16

culture skin stem cells and spray onto damaged skin to regenerate it

Question 17

corneal repairs

Answer 17

culture corneal stem cells and place over damaged cornea to regenerate it

Question 18

cancer

Answer 18

when cancer cells do not respond to regulatory signals that control cell division they did use excessively to form a mass of abnormal cells called a tumour

Question 19

begnin tumours

Answer 19

they remain in the one place and do not spread throughout the body

Question 20

malignant tumours

Answer 20

when cells within a benign tumour fail to attach to each other they spread throughout the body where they form secondary tumours