Diverticulitis Flashcards

1
Q

Define acute diverticulitis

A

Refers to inflammation of the diverticula (an outpouching of the colonic mucosa)

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2
Q

Acute diverticulitis most commonly affects which part of the colon

A

Sigmoid colon

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3
Q

Acute diverticulitis most commonly affects the sigmoid colon however right sided may be found in which patient group?

A

Those of Asian descent

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4
Q

What are the two types of acute diverticulitis

A

Simple

Complicated

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5
Q

What is simple diverticulitis

A

Diverticulitis without abscess or perforation

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6
Q

What is Complicated diverticulitis

A

Diverticulitis with either abscess or perforation present

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7
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of diverticula

A

An aging bowel naturally becomes weakened over time.

The movement of stool within the lumen will cause an increase in luminal pressure resulting in outpouchings of the mucosa through the weakened areas of bowel wall.

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8
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of simple diverticulitis

A

An aging bowel naturally becomes weakened over time.

The movement of stool within the lumen will cause an increase in luminal pressure resulting in outpouchings of the mucosa through the weakened areas of bowel wall.

Bacteria can overgrow within the outpouchings, leading to inflammation of the diverticulum (simple diverticulitis)

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9
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of complicated diverticulitis

A

An aging bowel naturally becomes weakened over time.

The movement of stool within the lumen will cause an increase in luminal pressure resulting in outpouchings of the mucosa through the weakened areas of bowel wall.

Bacteria can overgrow within the outpouchings, leading to inflammation of the diverticulum (simple diverticulitis)

These inflamed outpouchings can perforate leading to diffuse peritonitis (complicated diverticulitis)

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10
Q

What are the two key risk factors for diverticulitis

A

Low fibre diet

Advancing age

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11
Q

What are some of the clinical features of acute diverticulitis

A
  • Acute abdominal pain
    • Left lower quadrant (may be in the right in some Asian patients)
    • Sharp
    • Worsened by movement
  • Systemic upset
    • Pyrexia
    • Nausea/vomiting
    • Decreased appetite
  • Signs of peritonism (if perforated)
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12
Q

What are the two gold standard investigations for diverticulitis

A

Colonoscopy

CT abdomen and pelvis

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13
Q

What blood tests will be raised in diverticulitis

A

Raised inflammatory markers e.g. CRP, WCC

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14
Q

What is the name of the classification system for diverticulitis based on CT findings

A

Hinchey Classification

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15
Q

What is the Hinchey Classification

A

Classification system for diverticulitis based on CT findings

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16
Q

Most patients for diverticulitis can be managed conservatively.

What are the three components?

A

(1) Antibiotics (first line co-amoxiclav)
(2) IV fluids
(3) Analgesia

17
Q

Symptoms of diverticulitis typically improve within 2-3 days after the initiation

If the symptoms don’t settle within 72 hours, or the patient initially presents with more severe symptoms/complications, the patient requires admission to hospital for

A

IV antibiotics

18
Q

For patients unresponsive to antibiotics, or with complications (e.g. abscess, perforation, stricture or obstruction) surgical intervention may be required.

What are the two surgical interventions

A

Radiologically guided drainage of abscess or laparoscopic washout (under CT/ultrasound)

In more severe cases a Hartmann’s procedure may be required

19
Q

What is Hartmann’s procedure

A

The surgical resection of the rectosigmoid colon with closure of the anorectal stump and formation of an end colostomy. Anastomosis with reversal of colostomy may be possible at a later date

20
Q

What are the two most common complications of diverticular disease

A

(1) Stricture formation
(2) Fistula formation (colovesical; colovaginal)

21
Q

Name some of the common complications of diverticular disease

A

Stricture formation

Fistula formation (colovesical; colovaginal)

Recurrent diverticulitis

Diverticular bleeding

Abscess formation

22
Q

Strictures is a potential complication of diverticulitis.

How are they formed

A

Repeated episodes of diverticulitis and inflammation leads to scar tissue and stricture formation

This can result in large bowel obstruction

23
Q

Define fistula

A

Abnormal connection between two viscera

24
Q

What are the two types of fistula that can occur as a consequence of diverticulitis

A

Colovesical – connection between the bowel and bladder

Colovaginal – between the bowel and the vagina

25
Q

A diverticular abscess occurs in complicated diverticulitis.

How are diverticular abscess managed

A

Those that are around <5cm can generally be managed with conservatively with intravenous antibiotics

If the abscess is >5 cm radiological drainage is first-line treatment.