Diversity Test Review Flashcards
Taxonomy
Taxonomy: the science of identifying/classifying all organisms • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • species
Dichotomous Key
Dichotomous Key: tool that allows the user to determine the identity of items in the natural world that consist of a series of choices that lead the user to the correct name of a given item.
Phylogenetic Tree & Clades
PHYLOGENETIC TREE:
• A diagram depicting the evolutionary relationships between different species or groups (previously called cladogram)
• Differs from Dichotomous keys because Dichotomous keys focus on categories based on morphology (physical features) and Phylogenetic trees focus on categories based on common ancestors (evolutions)
CLADES:
• A taxonomic group that includes a single common ancestor and all its descendants. Each clade on phylogenetic tree can be thought of as a branch on the tree of life
Structure of Virus
• Small, non living particles
○ Genetic material surrounded by a protein capsule called capsid
○ No cytoplasm
○ Many are less than 1um in diameter
○ Cant grow/reproduce on their own
○ Create no waste
○ Don’t produce/use energy on their own
Bacterial Cell reproduction
SEXUALLY: the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types (sexes)
ASEXUALLY: reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only.
Lytic vs Lysogenic
LYTIC
• Viral DNA hi jacks the ribosomes of host
• Ribosomes used to make and assemble duplicates or original virus (mass produced)
• Once they reach certain amount, viral cell lyse (explode) the host cell and spread out to infect other cells
○ This can be entered from lysogenic cycle
○ If this continues, the virus will kill host organism
LYSOGENIC
• Viral DNA integrates into host DNA and remains silent
• Whenever host DNA replicates, viral DNA replicates
• Allows the virus to replicate and pass to other organism without detection or immediately harming host
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
PROKARYOTES: single-celled organism no distinct nucleus with a membrane no other specialized organelles EUKARYOTES: have membrane-bound organelles have nucleus multi-cellular organism
Gram Stain Test
staining technique for identifying bacteria, in which a violet dye is applied, followed by a decolorizing agent and then a red dye. The cell walls of certain bacteria (denoted Gram-positive ) retain the first dye and appear violet, while those that lose it (denoted Gram-negative ) appear red. Also called Gram’s method.
Thermophilic, Heterotrophic, Psychrophilic, Autotrophic
Thermophilic: Arachaebacteria that can withstand extreme heat
Heterotrophic: cannot make their own nutrients, must eat other organism as source of nutrients
Autotrophic: can make their own nutrients and energy
Psychrophilic:Arachaebacteria that can withstand extreme cold
beneficial uses of bacteria
- Some bacteria have the ability to synthesize antibiotics- Streptomyces to make aminoglycoside antibiotics
- They are useful in genetic engineering- the production of interferon and growth hormones
- Some bacteria are being used to degrade oil spills, remove toxic materials from soil and other ways to clean the environment.
classifying viruses
• Difficult, since they lack most traits of living things
• Share only one trait of living things
○ Reproduce (but need host)
• Classified by morphology: size, shape, and types of genetic material
Protists movement
AMOEBA: Amoebas move by changing the shape of their body, forming pseudopods (temporary foot-like structures)
CILIATES:Ciliates and have hundreds of tiny cilia which beat in unison to propel them through the water.
ZOOFLAGELLATES:move by their flagella (whip-like structure)
Protists reproduction
Asexually: binary fission
—> bacteria, archeae
Sexually: conjugation
—> Animalia, plantae, bacteria
Saprophyte
a plant, fungus, or microorganism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter.
Hyphae vs Mycelium
HYPHAE: each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus
MYCELIUM:the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of fine white filaments (hyphae).
reproductive structure of Fungus above ground?
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reproductive cycles of fungus
• Fungi are haploid ○ when a cell has half the usual number of chromosomes • Haploid spores grow into hyphae • Two hyphae fuse and become DIKARYOTIC ○ Cell with two distinct nuclei • Dikaryotic hyphae undergo meiosis and produce 4 haploid spores ○ Spores temporaryily diploid • Spores released into environment
uses vs harms of Fungi
Fungi are helpful to us in the products they produce but may also be harmful for the diseases they cause. USES: yeast for bread making Fermentation creates beers, wines, other alcoholic beverages and ethanol HARMS: Athletes foot Oral thrush Yeast infections
Difference between Fungi and plants
Fungi lack chlorophyll and do not engage in photosynthesis.
Plants engage in photosynthesis which produces glucose from carbon dioxide and sunlight.
Plants are autotrophs
Fungi are heterotrophs
Symbiotic Relationship
A close, prolonged association between two or more different organisms of different species that may, but does not necessarily, benefit each member.
–> FUNGI AND PLANTS
• Mycorrhizae
○ Symbiotic relationship between fungi and tree roots
○ Hyphae of fungi provide tree roots with water and mineral nutrients
○ Plant in turn provide fungi with food
Gametophyte vs Sporophyte
ALTERATION OF GENETICS:
Gametophyte Generation -haploid (1N) generation is the gametophyte that produces gametes
– Haploid spores are produced which undergo cell division and grow into new plant
– The plant is haploid and when mature produces gametes
– These gametes fuse to produce a diploid zygote which grows into a diploid sporophyte plant and then plant is in the…….
Sporophyte Generation-diploid( 2N) generation is the sporophyte that produces spores by meiosis
Bryophyte, Pteridiophyte, Gymnosperm, Angiosperm
BRYOPHYTE:
dominant part of life cylce is Gametophyte
PTERIDIOPHYTE
dominant part of life cylce is Sporophyte
GYMNOSPERMS
dominant part of life cylce is Sporophyte
ANGIOSPERMS
dominant part of life cylce is sporophyte
Adaptations of plants on land vs water
new strategies for male gametes to reach female gametes since they can swim to one another
resistancy to drought developed
Gymnosperms vs Angiosperms
Angiosperms, also called flowering plants, have seeds that are enclosed within an ovary (usually a fruit), while gymnosperms have no flowers or fruits, and have unenclosed or “naked” seeds on the surface of scales or leaves.
