Diversity of Living Things Flashcards
1
Q
What is the significance of a honeybee?
A
They are a keystone species. They WERE an invasive species. Honeybees play a large role in the food chain.
2
Q
What is the genetic level of biodiversity?
A
The sum of all the different genes in a particular species. Species includes all individuals that can breed freely and produce fertile offspring. Low genetic diversity in a species leaves it susceptible to disease, changes in temp. predators and prey.
3
Q
What is the species level of biodiversity?
A
Variety of species in an area. Ecosystems are healthier when they have a variety of species to survive environmental changes. Since ecosystems are about connections, the more species there are, the more complicated and robust the ecosystem is.
4
Q
What is the ecosystem level of biodiversity?
A
The range of habits and organisms and the connections between them. Diverse ecosystems can be large or small, simple or complicated. “Walking Ecosystem” refers to the fact that many organisms live on or inside other organisms.
5
Q
Why do we value biodiversity?
A
It creates healthier, more stable and resilient ecosystems. Keystone species are important symbols of biodiversity. They provide humans with medicine, food, fuel, oxygen, water and clean/safe conditions.
6
Q
What do names have to do with species?
A
Names can reveal the evolutionary history of their species, ecological relationships with other species and distinguish characteristics of that species.
7
Q
What is a Dichotomous key?
A
Series of questions to correctly identify a new or unknown species.
8
Q
What is taxonomy?
A
The science of naming, identifying and classifying species. Identify organisms and represent relationships among them.
9
Q
What is binomial nomenclature?
A
Method of naming organisms by using two name (genus and species). Devised by Carl Linnaeus in the 1750’s.
10
Q
What is phylogeny?
A
The history of the evolution of a species of group of organisms.
11
Q
What are the systems of classification?
A
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.
12
Q
What are the 3 domains (the broadest taxa)?
A
Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya.
13
Q
Examples of bacteria?
A
Cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria.
14
Q
Examples of archaea?
A
Halophiles and thermophiles.
15
Q
Examples of eukarya?
A
Plants, animals, fungi and flagellates.
16
Q
What do bacteria and archaea have in common?
A
Microscopic, unicellular, have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles (Prokaryotic organisms).
17
Q
What info about eukarya?
A
Nucleus, membrane-bound organelles (Eukaryotic organisms).
18
Q
Difference in genetic material between p and e?
A
Prokaryotes DNA is not coated with protein and often occurs in strands or floats freely in cytoplasm. Eukaryotes have a nucleus bound by a membrane contains chromosomes made of DNA and proteins.
19
Q
Difference in cell division between p and e?
A
Prokaryotes: fission or budding. Eukaryotes: splits into 2 genetically identical cells.
20
Q
Difference in sexual recombination between p and e?
A
Prokaryotes: transfer of genes from donor to recipient. Eukaryotes: often a male and female participate in fertilization.
21
Q
Difference in tissue development between p and e?
A
Prokaryotes: none. Eukaryotes: sometimes.
22
Q
Difference in respiration between p and e?
A
Prokaryotes: some require oxygen and some do not. Eukaryotes: almost all require oxygen.
23
Q
Difference in size between p and e?
A
Prokaryotes: smaller
Eukaryotes: larger.
24
Q
Difference in energy production between p and e?
A
Prokaryotes: free-floating enzymes in cytoplasm
Eukaryotes: enzymes for energy production are located in mitochondria or chloroplasts.
25
Difference in flagella between p and e?
Prokaryotes: very simples
Eukaryotes: complex.
26
What are the six different kingdoms?
Monera (includes eubacteria and archaebacteria), protists, fungi, plantae and animalia.
27
Give an example of eubacteria?
Staphylococcus and salmonella
28
Give an example of archaebacteria?
Thermoplasma and acidophilum
29
Give an example of a protista?
Amoebe
30
Give an example of a fungi?
Mushrooms and mold
31
Give an example of plantae?
Mosses and ferns
32
Give an example of animalia?
Jellyfish, worms, birds and mammals
33
What is morphology?
A way to classify which studies form and structure (runs into issues).
34
What is info about Charles Darwin and phylogeny?
Charles Darwin invented the theory of evolution in which phylogeny used evolutionary relationships.
35
What is a phylogenetic tree?
It shows the evolutionary relationships between taxa. The branches reveal evolutionary relationships with species on tips. The more branching= more evolution.
36
How was the domain archaea created/discovered?
Before 1977, all known prokaryotes were bacteria. Woese discovered organisms that looked like bacteria but acted like eukaryotes, which lead to domain archaea.
37
What are some different classes of domain archaea?
Methanogens which are methane producing, halophiles which are salt loving and thermoacidophiles which are heat and acid loving.
38
Similarities and differences between archaea and bacteria?
Archaea are more complex than bacteria. Similar to bacteria, however they have a unique cell membrane. Both are prokaryotes.
39
Why are archaea a good candidate from the 1st living organisms on Earth?
Archaea are a good candidate from the 1st living organisms on Earth because they were from the first domain of life to diversity from a stem line of descent as well as they are able to withstand extreme conditions in testing as well as they are keeping production costs down. Harder to penetrate. Only one of this type of membrane.
40
Are all bacteria harmful?
Some bacteria are harmful, some are helpful. Example: e.coli is good for colon and can aid digestion but bad if ingested.
41
What are the bacterial classifications? (Used to classify bacteria into their genus species)
1. Shape
2. Cell wall membrane
3. Movement
4. Metabolic needs
5. Colony morphology
6. Reactions to gram stain
7. Presence and absence
42
How do bacteria reproduce?
Bacteria reproduce by binary fission most often. Binary fission produces colonies of bacteria that are genetically identical. One original cell splits into two (asexual).
43
How does binary fission occur?
It is similar to mitosis. When a bacteria cell reproduces asexually, it copies its chromosome and divides into two seperate cells. It can take as little of 20 minutes.
44
What is transformation?
A type of sexual reproduction were bacteria pick up loose DNA, the cell takes in DNA and the bacteria incorps. DNA into its genetics.
45
What is conjugation?
A type of sexual reproduction were two bacterial cells join to exchange genetic material.
46
What is the advantage of sexual reproduction?
It changes the genetics and creates new genetic variation for bacteria.
47
What is gene transfer?
Some bacteria contain small loops of DNA in addition to their main singular chromosome. These loops are called plasmids. Plasmids contain oe to a few genes which are different from those found on the main chromosome. Conjugation, duplicated during binary fission. Easier to introduce a plasmid then add a new gene to the main chromosome.
48
How do prokaryotes react to climate change?
Can be sensitive to changes in temp, pH or salinity of their environment. Rising ocean levels, methane and salty conditions.
49
What is a virus?
Acellular, cannot live on its own, has no metabolism, no cellular structure, considered non-living, much smaller than most bacteria, have DNA and RNA so they can adapt to change and come in many shapes and sizes.
50
How do viruses affect human health?
They are not affected by antibiotics, can cause cancer and vaccines are liquid prep. of dead or weakened viral bacterial cells.
51
What is the lytic cycle?
Uploads its genetic material, causes cell to burst.
1. Attachment and entrance
2. Synthesis of protein and nucleic acids
3. Assembly of units to form a new virus
4. Release of new virus particles
52
What is the lysogenic cycle?
Viral genes are incorp. into host cells DNA, reproduces normally, environmental change triggers, dormant period=lysogeny, lytic cycle is triggered.
53
What is toxicity?
The ability of an organism to cause a disease by means of a preformed toxin that inhibits the host and inhibits cell function or kills host cells.
54
What is Invasiveness?
The ability of an organism to grow in host tissue in numbers that the pathogen inhibits host functioning.
55
What is a Parasite?
The relationship between 2 organisms in which one receives benefit by harming the other one.
56
What is Virulence?
The ability of a parasite to cause disease.
57
What are the factors of virulence?
Enzymes that help pathogens colonize in host cells and grow. Environmental factors include temp. moisture, micro algae and age.
58
The temperature details for bacteria?
Micro-organisms can be grouped by needed temp. Major environmental factor controlling microbial growth.
Minimum: no growth benefit (below)
Optimum: perfect growth rates
Maximum: no growth above
59
What is kingdom protista?
- Eukaryotes
- Some are mobile, some are not
- Most are single cellular but some are multicellular
- Some are autotrophs, some are heterotrophs
- Some are pathogenic but most are not
- Reproduction may be sexual or asexual, with many having complex reprod. cycles
- They exhibit complex life cycles and exist in various cellular forms
60
What is the structure and function of kingdom protista?
Protista is the kingdom where organisms that do not fit into other kingdoms are classified. Protists have a wide variety of structures, habitats and behaviors. They live almost everywhere, including in extreme conditions. Since most are unicellular, functions like respiration, movement and photosynthesis must be done by a single cell.
61
What is the origin of eukaryotes?
Complex eukaryotic cells evolved from simple prokaryotic cells.
1. Infolding
2. Endosymbiosis
62
How do protists move?
Pseudopodia: used for amoeba's pseudopod "false foot"
Flagella: long, hair-like projections used by zooflagellates
Cilia: used by ciliates, smaller
Passive movement: wind, water current
63
How do protists reproduce?
Variety of ways- both sexual and asexual. In mitosis the cell makes copies of genetic material then splits into two identical cells. This includes amoebas, paramecia and most ciliates. Many protists reproduce by alternation of generations, alternating between haploid and diploid stages.
64
What does haploid mean?
One set of chromosomes (eukaryotic sex cells)
65
What does diploid mean?
Two identical sets of chromosomes (eukaryotic body cells)
66
What are animal-like protists?
- Protozoans
- Heterotrophs
- Amoeba's use their pseudopods
- Ciliates like paramecium capture prey
67
What are plant-like protists?
- Autotrophs
- Algae
- Dinoflagellates are unicellular
- Plankton are foundation
- Autotrophic plankton are called phytoplankton
68
What are fungus-like protists?
- Heterotrophs
- Feed on decaying organic matter
- Plasmodial, slime molds, cellular slime molds, water molds
- Large and multicellular
69
What are protozoa?
- Animal like protists
- Heterotrophic (ingest or absorb food)
- Most are single cellular, motile and aquatic
70
What are algae?
- Plant like protists
- Autotrophic (carry out photosynthesis)
- Most are aquatic
- Some can be very large
71
What are slime and water molds?
- Fungi like protists
- Heterotrophic
- May be able to glide
72
How does climate change affect protists?
Protists can be very sensitive to changing pH. Increased amount of CO2 in the atmosphere dissolve in water, forming carbonic acid. This lowers the pH, making the water more acidic. Can affect phytoplankton.
73
What is kingdom plantae?
Plants are at the foundation of most non-extreme ecosystems. Start of food chains, coverts solar energy into chemical energy, removing toxins from soil.
74
What are plants?
As a group, plants are very diverse. Most plants grow on the land and require optimal amounts of water, minerals, nutrients, soil, sunlight, warmth and gases.
75
What do all plants have in common?
1. Plants are eukaryotic
2. Plants have cell walls made of the carbohydrate cellulose
3. Plants use the pigment chlorophyll, found in organelles called chloroplasts for photosynthesis
76
What is the evolution of plants?
Ancestors of modern plants were aquatic organisms similar to green algae. To become land-based, plants developed several adaptations.
77
What is the sequence for the evolution of plants?
Plant ancestor- green algae, embryo formation- mosses and relatives, true water conducting tissue- ferns and relatives, seeds- cone bearing plants, flowers (seeds enclosed in fruit)- flowering plants
78
How does the alternation of generation work in plants?
Most plants have a life cycle that alternates between haploid and diploid. A plants life cycle is called an alternation of generations if it cycles from one type of generation to the other.
79
What are the major groups of plants?
Green algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
80
What is the green algae plant group?
- Closest living relatives of ancient plants
- Not in kingdom protista
81
What is the bryophytes plant group?
- Seedless, non-vascular
- First land plants to evolve
- Gametophyte is the dominant generation
- Mosses and relatives
82
What is the pteridophytes plant group?
- Ferns and relatives like horsetails
- Vascular plants have tissue to carry water upwards
- Underside of gametophyte produces eggs and flagellated sperm
- Sporophyte is the dominant generation- haploid spore capsules
- Seedless (use spores)
83
What is the gymnosperms plant group?
- Seed plants
- "Naked" seeds not protected by ovary
- Conifers like pine, fur, spruce, redwood and cedar trees
- Vascular plants represent the next step in plant evolution
- Seeds= plant embryo+food+protection
- Sporophyte is the tree and gametophytes are hidden in the cones
- Male gamies dispersed in wind fertilize female cone
84
What is the angiosperms plant group?
- Flowering plants
- Last major group of plants to evolve
- Conserve water and reproduce effectively on land
- Enclosed seed (within ovary) gamies develop in flower structure
- Most effective reproductive and seed dispersal system
- Pollinated flowers-ripened ovary-fruit
85
How do climate change affect plants?
Transpiration is the release of water through the leaves. This is how water vapour enters the atmosphere. Removal of plant life, especially forests, can change rainfall patterns due to loss of transpiration.
86
What is kingdom animalia?
Exploring animal diversity. Human activities such as mining, agriculture, pollution and overfishing can threaten or destroy shallow-water habitats.
87
What are animals?
Divided into 34 major phyla.
Characteristics include:
- Eukaryotic
- Cells that lack cell walls
- Multicellular
- Heterotrophic
- Motile at some point in life cycle
- Develop a blastula early
88
What is the evolution of animals?
Both plants and animals show evolutionary change that reflects a movement of ancient species from water onto the land. Each major change is called an evolutionary milestone.
89
What is the body plan in the evolution of animals?
Each species has a unique body structure called a body plan. Includes things like type of symmetry, presence of a body cavity, presence of a head, # of limbs and presence of a backbone.
90
What is the level of organization in the evolution of animals?
While all animals have cells, how the cells are organized differs between species. Different tissues can join to form organs in some species.
91
What is the body symmetry in the evolution of animals?
This can reveal the evolution, movement and interactions with other species. This can include things like asymmetrical, radical symmetry (coral=cnidarian)(no head or tail structures), bilateral symmetry (mirror images).
92
What is the embryological development in the evolution of animals?
All animals begin as a zygote, which forms when a sperm fertilizes an egg. Haploid and diploid.
93
What is the segmentation in the evolution of animals?
Repeating parts, many animals with bilateral symmetry are segmented into several repeating parts. An example is the human backbone.
94
What are the limbs in the evolution of animals?
Animals with bilateral symmetry frequently have paired limbs. Limbs can be used for movement, feeding, or gathering sensory info.
95
What is an invertebrate?
- No backbone
- More than 98% of animals
- Not a branch on phylogenetic tree
- Reproduce both asexually and sexually
- Very simple, sometimes open body systems or very complex
96
What is a vertebrate?
- Have a backbone
- Roughly 2% of all animals
- More complex animals, those which we are most familiar with
- Make up most of phylum chordata
- Have a skull
- Structural support for paired limbs
97
What do invertebrates and vertebrates have in common?
They are both multicellular eukaryotes and are apart of kingdom animalia.
98
What is kingdom fungi?
More than 100,000 known species of fungi. Have body structure unlike those any other eukaryotic organism. While yeasts are a group of unicellular organism, most fungi are multicellular.
99
What is the ecosystem diversity within kingdom fungi?
Contribute greatly to ecosystem diversity by contributing to a vast number of connections between different organisms. 80% of plants are in a symbiotic relationship with fungi.
100
What are the three different types of fungi?
Decomposers, parasitic fungi and lichen.
101
What is fungi nutrition?
Hyphae of a single fungus typically branch as they grow, forming an interwoven mat called a mycelium. The mycelium function as a feeding structure of fungi. Make up for the fact that fungi cannot move to obtain food.
102
Why is asexual reproduction important in kingdom fungi?
Allows fungi to disperse throughout the environment without the need of additional genetic input.
103
Why is sexual reproduction important to kingdom fungi?
Increases genetic diversity of the fungi, allowing them to adapt to changing environmental conditions.
104
For two organisms to be considered the same species they must?
Potentially reproduce in nature and have fertile offspring.
105
Who was the first scientist to develop a formal system of classification?
Aristotle
106
Phylogeny focuses on?
Evolutionary history of a species.
107
What is responsible for HAB's?
Algae from kingdom protista.
