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Diversity of Living Things Flashcards

1
Q

Define “classification”

A

The act of categorizing or organizing objects or ideas into groups based on shared characteristics, properties or relationships

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2
Q

Define “taxonomy”

A

The science of identifying and classifying all organisms

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3
Q

Define “taxa (taxon)”

A

Each level of classification

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4
Q

What are the 8 taxa in order from broadest to most specific?

A

Domain. kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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5
Q

What is domain classification?

A

organisms grouped based on fundamental cellular and molecular characteristics

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6
Q

what is kingdom classification?

A

organisms grouped with fundamental similarities in basic structure and way of life

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7
Q

what is phylum classification?

A

organisms grouped based on major body plans and structural features

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8
Q

what is class classification?

A

organisms grouped with additional shared characteristics, more specific than phylum level

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9
Q

what is order classification?

A

organisms grouped based on similarities in behavior, phycology and other characteristics.

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10
Q

what is family classification?

A

organisms that share more specific features, reflecting close evolutionary relationships

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11
Q

what is genus classification?

A

organisms grouped based on more specific characteristics

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12
Q

what is species classification?

A

the most specific level of classification, it groups together organisms that can interbreed and produce viable offspring.

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13
Q

define “binomial nomenclature”

A

thee scientific name of all organisms is written in a binomial nomenclature, a two-name system composed of the genus and species names.

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14
Q

define “eukaryote”

A

cells that have a true nucleus enclosed in a membrane, as well as other membrane-bound organelles

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15
Q

define “prokaryote”

A

cells that lack a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

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16
Q

what kingdoms are prokaryotic?

A

Archaea and Bacteria

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16
Q

what are the 6 kingdoms?

A

Archaea, bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

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17
Q

what kingdoms are eukaryotic?

A

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

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18
Q

define “bacteria”

A

single-celled microorganisms with simple structures

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19
Q

define “archaea”

A

ancient single-celled microorganisms. similar to bacteria but have unique genetic and structural features. they are able to survive extreme environmental conditions

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20
Q

what is a capsule?

A

a bacteria’s outermost layer, protective, evade host’s immune system, adhere to surfaces.

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21
Q

what is a pilli?

A

short, hair-like structures on the surface of bacteria doe attachment to surfaces or other cells

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22
Q

what is a flagellum?

A

whip-like appendages that help bacteria move

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23
Q

what is a plasmid?

A

small, circular pieces of DNA on a bacteria. separate from nucleotide.

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24
what is a nucleoid?
region where most of DNA is found on bacteria. no membrane. means "nucleus-like"
25
what makes up a bacteria?
capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, plasmid, ribosomes, pilli, nucleoid, flagellum
26
what are the different shapes of bacteria?
cocci, diplococcus, streptococcus, staphylococcus, bacillus, spirillum
27
what is cocci?
spherical or round-shaped bacteria
28
what is diplococcus?
spherical bacteria in pairs
29
what is streptococcus?
spherical bacteria that form chains
30
what is staphylococcus?
spherical bacteria that form clusters
31
what is bacillus?
rod-shaped bacteria
32
what is spirillum?
spiral-shaped bacteria
33
what are the three different bacterial oxygen requirements?
obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, facultative aerobe
34
what is it called when a bacteria can only survive in the presence of oxygen?
obligate aerobe
35
what is it called when an bacteria can only survive in the absence of oxygen?
obligate anaerobe
36
what is it called when a bacteria can survive in the presence or absence of oxygen?
facultative aerobe
37
what are the 4 different bacterial models of nutrition?
photoautotroph, chemoautotroph, photoheterotroph, chemoheterotroph
38
what is it called when a bacteria has a sunlight energy source and carbon dioxide carbon source?
photoautotroph
39
what are the two different energy sources?
sunlight, inorganic chemicals
40
what are the two different carbon sources?
carbon dioxide, organic compounds
41
what is it called when a bacteria has an inorganic chemical energy source and carbon dioxide carbon source?
chemoautotroph
42
what is it called when a bacteria has a sunlight energy source and organic compound carbon source?
photoheterotroph
43
what is it called when a bacteria has an inorganic chemical energy source and organic compounds carbon source?
chemoheterotroph
44
what's bacterial sexual reproduction?
not true sexual reproduction, but allows bacteria to transfer genetic material to another
45
what's bacterial asexual reproduction?
(basically mitosis) called binary fission, where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells
46
what are the three types of asexual reproduction in bacteria?
transformation, conjugation, transduction
47
what's transformation? (asexual reproduction)
bacteria take up DNA from their environment, incorporating it into their own genome
48
what's conjugation? (asexual reproduction)
bacteria transfer genetic material directly to each other through a tube like structure called pilus. this process allows for the exchange of plasmids.
49
what's transduction? (asexual reproduction)
bacterial DNA can be transferred from on bacterium to another by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria)
50
what are the 4 types of archaea?
thermophiles, psychrophiles, halophiles, acidophiles, alkaliphiles
51
what can thermophiles withstand?
high temperatures
52
what can psychrophiles withstand?
low temperatures
53
what can halophiles withstand?
extremely salty conditions
54
what can acidophiles withstand?
highly acidic conditions
55
what can alkaliphiles withstand?
alkaline (basic) conditions
56
what's an extremophile?
a bacteria that lives in extreme conditions
57
define "virus"
small, non-living particles made up of genetic material and surrounded by capsule made up of protein.
58
what occurs during the lytic cycle?
viral DNA/RNA develops into a virus and eventually breaks out of the cell
59
what happens during the lysogenic cycle?
the virus puts in DNA/RNA, hides in bacteria DNA and replicates along with the bacteria DNA.
60
what's the relationship between the lytic and lysogenetic cycle?
the lytic cycle leads to the lysogenic cycle.
61
what's a viroid?
a free floating RNA that infects plants
62
what's a prion?
mis-folded protein that interferes with regular cell metabolism that can cause other proteins to fold
63
what are the 3 main divisions of fungi?
ascomycota, basidomycota, glomeromycota
64
define ascomycota
sac fungi which produce spores in sac like structures
65
define basidomycota
known as club fungi, they produce spores on specialized, club shaped structures
66
define glomeromycota
form symbiotic relationships with plant roots (myconchizae). important for nutrient exchange with plants.
67
what makes up fungi?
fruiting body, hyphae, mycellium, spores
68
define fruiting body
AKA mushroom, the reproductive structure that produces spores
69
define hyphae
tubular, elongates structures that form the basic structural units of fungi. all units of fungi are made of hyphae.
70
define mycelium
the collective mass of hyphae that forms a network in soil or decaying matter which is responsible for nutrient absorption.
71
define spores
reproductive cells to help disperse and initiate the growth of new fungal organisms.
72
do fungi reproduce sexually or asexually?
both
73
what are the forms of asexual reproduction in fungi?
sporulation, fragmentation, budding
74
what's sporulation
the production of asexual spores in specialized structures
75
what's fragmentation
when portions of the mycelium break off and develop new individuals
76
what's budding
a small outgrowth (bud) forms on the parent cell and eventually detaches to become a new individual
77
define saprophyte
organisms that break gown dead organic material
78
define mycorrhizae
fungi that have a symbiotic relationship with the roots of plants
79
explain the symbiotic relationship between plants and fungi
the fungus assists the plant in nutrient absorption, while the plant provides the plant with carbohydrates.
80
what are protists
the "misfit" kingdom used to classify a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that don't fit nearly into he plant, animal or fungi kingdoms
81
what are the groups of protists
protozoa, algae, smile molds
82
what's protozoa
animal-like protists that ingest and capture food, move using structures like cilla, flagella or pseudopods.
83
what's algae
plantlike protists that are capable of photosynthesis (no vascular systems)
84
what are slime molds
fungi-like protists that are often found in decaying matter (orgame)
85
what's the difference between a multicellular and colonial protist?
multicellular protists rely on other organisms and cannot live on their own. colonial protists are groups of individual cells living together in a coordinated matter that choose to live together.
86
why are viruses not considered living organisms?
They're not made out of cells, they can't keep themselves in a stable state, they don't grow, and they can't make their own energy.
87
explain the binomial nomenclature for naming species, and what conventions are used in the formatting?
the first letter of the genus is upper case, the species is lower case. always written in italics or underlined.
88
define binary fission
a type of asexual reproduction where the organism divides into two or more organisms
89
what's chitin
a large polysaccharide made of modified glucose molecules
90
what's lichen
an organism that arises from algae living filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.

Biology (4 decks)

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