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Biology > Diversity of Living Things > Flashcards

Diversity of Living Things Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define “classification”

A

The act of categorizing or organizing objects or ideas into groups based on shared characteristics, properties or relationships

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2
Q

Define “taxonomy”

A

The science of identifying and classifying all organisms

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3
Q

Define “taxa (taxon)”

A

Each level of classification

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4
Q

What are the 8 taxa in order from broadest to most specific?

A

Domain. kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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5
Q

What is domain classification?

A

organisms grouped based on fundamental cellular and molecular characteristics

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6
Q

what is kingdom classification?

A

organisms grouped with fundamental similarities in basic structure and way of life

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7
Q

what is phylum classification?

A

organisms grouped based on major body plans and structural features

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8
Q

what is class classification?

A

organisms grouped with additional shared characteristics, more specific than phylum level

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9
Q

what is order classification?

A

organisms grouped based on similarities in behavior, phycology and other characteristics.

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10
Q

what is family classification?

A

organisms that share more specific features, reflecting close evolutionary relationships

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11
Q

what is genus classification?

A

organisms grouped based on more specific characteristics

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12
Q

what is species classification?

A

the most specific level of classification, it groups together organisms that can interbreed and produce viable offspring.

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13
Q

define “binomial nomenclature”

A

thee scientific name of all organisms is written in a binomial nomenclature, a two-name system composed of the genus and species names.

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14
Q

define “eukaryote”

A

cells that have a true nucleus enclosed in a membrane, as well as other membrane-bound organelles

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15
Q

define “prokaryote”

A

cells that lack a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

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16
Q

what kingdoms are prokaryotic?

A

Archaea and Bacteria

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16
Q

what are the 6 kingdoms?

A

Archaea, bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

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17
Q

what kingdoms are eukaryotic?

A

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

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18
Q

define “bacteria”

A

single-celled microorganisms with simple structures

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19
Q

define “archaea”

A

ancient single-celled microorganisms. similar to bacteria but have unique genetic and structural features. they are able to survive extreme environmental conditions

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20
Q

what is a capsule?

A

a bacteria’s outermost layer, protective, evade host’s immune system, adhere to surfaces.

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21
Q

what is a pilli?

A

short, hair-like structures on the surface of bacteria doe attachment to surfaces or other cells

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22
Q

what is a flagellum?

A

whip-like appendages that help bacteria move

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23
Q

what is a plasmid?

A

small, circular pieces of DNA on a bacteria. separate from nucleotide.

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24
Q

what is a nucleoid?

A

region where most of DNA is found on bacteria. no membrane. means “nucleus-like”

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25
Q

what makes up a bacteria?

A

capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, plasmid, ribosomes, pilli, nucleoid, flagellum

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26
Q

what are the different shapes of bacteria?

A

cocci, diplococcus, streptococcus, staphylococcus, bacillus, spirillum

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27
Q

what is cocci?

A

spherical or round-shaped bacteria

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28
Q

what is diplococcus?

A

spherical bacteria in pairs

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29
Q

what is streptococcus?

A

spherical bacteria that form chains

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30
Q

what is staphylococcus?

A

spherical bacteria that form clusters

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31
Q

what is bacillus?

A

rod-shaped bacteria

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32
Q

what is spirillum?

A

spiral-shaped bacteria

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33
Q

what are the three different bacterial oxygen requirements?

A

obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, facultative aerobe

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34
Q

what is it called when a bacteria can only survive in the presence of oxygen?

A

obligate aerobe

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35
Q

what is it called when an bacteria can only survive in the absence of oxygen?

A

obligate anaerobe

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36
Q

what is it called when a bacteria can survive in the presence or absence of oxygen?

A

facultative aerobe

37
Q

what are the 4 different bacterial models of nutrition?

A

photoautotroph, chemoautotroph, photoheterotroph, chemoheterotroph

38
Q

what is it called when a bacteria has a sunlight energy source and carbon dioxide carbon source?

A

photoautotroph

39
Q

what are the two different energy sources?

A

sunlight, inorganic chemicals

40
Q

what are the two different carbon sources?

A

carbon dioxide, organic compounds

41
Q

what is it called when a bacteria has an inorganic chemical energy source and carbon dioxide carbon source?

A

chemoautotroph

42
Q

what is it called when a bacteria has a sunlight energy source and organic compound carbon source?

A

photoheterotroph

43
Q

what is it called when a bacteria has an inorganic chemical energy source and organic compounds carbon source?

A

chemoheterotroph

44
Q

what’s bacterial sexual reproduction?

A

not true sexual reproduction, but allows bacteria to transfer genetic material to another

45
Q

what’s bacterial asexual reproduction?

A

(basically mitosis) called binary fission, where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells

46
Q

what are the three types of asexual reproduction in bacteria?

A

transformation, conjugation, transduction

47
Q

what’s transformation? (asexual reproduction)

A

bacteria take up DNA from their environment, incorporating it into their own genome

48
Q

what’s conjugation? (asexual reproduction)

A

bacteria transfer genetic material directly to each other through a tube like structure called pilus. this process allows for the exchange of plasmids.

49
Q

what’s transduction? (asexual reproduction)

A

bacterial DNA can be transferred from on bacterium to another by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria)

50
Q

what are the 4 types of archaea?

A

thermophiles, psychrophiles, halophiles, acidophiles, alkaliphiles

51
Q

what can thermophiles withstand?

A

high temperatures

52
Q

what can psychrophiles withstand?

A

low temperatures

53
Q

what can halophiles withstand?

A

extremely salty conditions

54
Q

what can acidophiles withstand?

A

highly acidic conditions

55
Q

what can alkaliphiles withstand?

A

alkaline (basic) conditions

56
Q

what’s an extremophile?

A

a bacteria that lives in extreme conditions

57
Q

define “virus”

A

small, non-living particles made up of genetic material and surrounded by capsule made up of protein.

58
Q

what occurs during the lytic cycle?

A

viral DNA/RNA develops into a virus and eventually breaks out of the cell

59
Q

what happens during the lysogenic cycle?

A

the virus puts in DNA/RNA, hides in bacteria DNA and replicates along with the bacteria DNA.

60
Q

what’s the relationship between the lytic and lysogenetic cycle?

A

the lytic cycle leads to the lysogenic cycle.

61
Q

what’s a viroid?

A

a free floating RNA that infects plants

62
Q

what’s a prion?

A

mis-folded protein that interferes with regular cell metabolism that can cause other proteins to fold

63
Q

what are the 3 main divisions of fungi?

A

ascomycota, basidomycota, glomeromycota

64
Q

define ascomycota

A

sac fungi which produce spores in sac like structures

65
Q

define basidomycota

A

known as club fungi, they produce spores on specialized, club shaped structures

66
Q

define glomeromycota

A

form symbiotic relationships with plant roots (myconchizae). important for nutrient exchange with plants.

67
Q

what makes up fungi?

A

fruiting body, hyphae, mycellium, spores

68
Q

define fruiting body

A

AKA mushroom, the reproductive structure that produces spores

69
Q

define hyphae

A

tubular, elongates structures that form the basic structural units of fungi. all units of fungi are made of hyphae.

70
Q

define mycelium

A

the collective mass of hyphae that forms a network in soil or decaying matter which is responsible for nutrient absorption.

71
Q

define spores

A

reproductive cells to help disperse and initiate the growth of new fungal organisms.

72
Q

do fungi reproduce sexually or asexually?

A

both

73
Q

what are the forms of asexual reproduction in fungi?

A

sporulation, fragmentation, budding

74
Q

what’s sporulation

A

the production of asexual spores in specialized structures

75
Q

what’s fragmentation

A

when portions of the mycelium break off and develop new individuals

76
Q

what’s budding

A

a small outgrowth (bud) forms on the parent cell and eventually detaches to become a new individual

77
Q

define saprophyte

A

organisms that break gown dead organic material

78
Q

define mycorrhizae

A

fungi that have a symbiotic relationship with the roots of plants

79
Q

explain the symbiotic relationship between plants and fungi

A

the fungus assists the plant in nutrient absorption, while the plant provides the plant with carbohydrates.

80
Q

what are protists

A

the “misfit” kingdom used to classify a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that don’t fit nearly into he plant, animal or fungi kingdoms

81
Q

what are the groups of protists

A

protozoa, algae, smile molds

82
Q

what’s protozoa

A

animal-like protists that ingest and capture food, move using structures like cilla, flagella or pseudopods.

83
Q

what’s algae

A

plantlike protists that are capable of photosynthesis (no vascular systems)

84
Q

what are slime molds

A

fungi-like protists that are often found in decaying matter (orgame)

85
Q

what’s the difference between a multicellular and colonial protist?

A

multicellular protists rely on other organisms and cannot live on their own. colonial protists are groups of individual cells living together in a coordinated matter that choose to live together.

86
Q

why are viruses not considered living organisms?

A

They’re not made out of cells, they can’t keep themselves in a stable state, they don’t grow, and they can’t make their own energy.

87
Q

explain the binomial nomenclature for naming species, and what conventions are used in the formatting?

A

the first letter of the genus is upper case, the species is lower case. always written in italics or underlined.

88
Q

define binary fission

A

a type of asexual reproduction where the organism divides into two or more organisms

89
Q

what’s chitin

A

a large polysaccharide made of modified glucose molecules

90
Q

what’s lichen

A

an organism that arises from algae living filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.

Biology (4 decks)

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