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Biology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are macronutrients?

A

essential nutrients required by the body in relatively large quantities.

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2
Q

what are micronutrients?

A

essential nutrients required by the body in relatively small quantities, including vitamins and minerals.

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3
Q

what are vitamins?

A

organic materials (contain carbon) that regulate chemical reactions in bodily processes.

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4
Q

what are minerals?

A

inorganic nutrients (do not contain carbon) which regulate chemical reactions

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5
Q

what are the 3 macronutrients?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

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6
Q

what do carbohydrates do?

A

primary source of energy

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7
Q

what do proteins do?

A

build and repair tissues and enzymes

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8
Q

what do lipids do?

A

store energy, insulate and form cellular membranes

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9
Q

what type of nutrient is C, B, A, D, E and K?

A

vitamins

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10
Q

what type of nutrient is calcium, iron, sodium and zinc?

A

minerals

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11
Q

what are the 2 types of macronutrients?

A

vitamins and minerals

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12
Q

what does it mean if something is organic

A

has carbon

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13
Q

what does it mean if something is inorganic

A

doesn’t have carbon

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14
Q

what’s ingestion

A

the act of eating or drinking

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15
Q

what’s digestion

A

breaking nutrients into smaller molecules

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16
Q

what’s absorption

A

taking up small molecules into the circulatory system

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17
Q

what’s elimination

A

removing undigested materials from the digestive track

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18
Q

what are the 2 types of digestion

A

mechanical and chemical

19
Q

what is chemical digestion

A

breaking of chemical bonds to produce smaller molecules

20
Q

what’s mechanical digestion

A

chewing, chopping or grinding food into smaller pieces (physically) to increase surface area

21
Q

what is bolus

A

a mixture of chewed food and saliva

22
Q

what is an enzyme

A

a biological catalyst (protein that binds two different things), typically a protein, that accelerates and facilities chemical reactions

23
Q

what is a catalyst

A

a protein that binds two different things

24
Q

what’s the esophagus

A

a long, muscle-encased tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach

25
Q

what’s the pharynx

A

the upper portion of the throat

26
Q

what’s the epiglottis

A

a cartilage flap that temporarily seals off your airway to direct food through the pharynx.

27
Q

what is peristalsis

A

wave like muscle contraction that makes the bolus

28
Q

whats the stomach

A

an elastic, muscular sac that secretes acid and enzymes and churns it with food

29
Q

what does the lower esophageal sphincter do

A

it controls the movement of food between the stomach and the esophagus

30
Q

what does the pyloric sphincter do

A

it controls the movement of food between the stomach and the duodenum (small intestine)

31
Q

what is HCL

A

hydrochloric acid that breaks apart the cells of food

32
Q

what is pepsin

A

enzymes that break down proteins

33
Q

what is lipase

A

enzymes that break down lipids

34
Q

what is chyme

A

the mixture of partially digested food, acid and digestive enzymes

35
Q

what is the small intestine

A

a relatively narrow passageway responsible for nutrient digestion and absorption.

36
Q

what is the duodenum

A

the first section of the small intestine where nearly all chemical digestion occurs.

37
Q

what is the liver’s 3 functions

A
  1. processing nutrients
  2. excretes bile to the small intestine
  3. metabolizes and eliminated drugs and toxins
38
Q

what it the gallbladder

A

it sits underneath the liver and connects the bile that the liver makes.

39
Q

what is bile

A

a yellow-green liquid that helps to emulsify fats to aid in their digestion

40
Q

what is emulsification

A

the process of creating a stable mixture of tiny droplets of one liquid suspended in another, when these two liquids normally do no mix.

41
Q

what’s the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic

A

hydrophilic are water-attracting and hydrophobic are water-repelling

42
Q

what are emulsifiers

A

molecules that have moth hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) regions, helping to bring these two liquids together

43
Q

what is jejunum

A

the part of the small intestine where most absorption of nutrients occurs

44
Q
A

Biology (4 decks)

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