diversity of life Flashcards
1
Q
How long were prokaryotes alone on Earth?
A
2 billion years
2
Q
The most numerous and metabolically diverse organisms are…
A
prokaryotes
3
Q
What prokaryote produced oxygen as a waste product?
A
cyanobacteria
4
Q
aerobic vs anaerobic: which is more efficient?
A
aerobic
5
Q
Archaea are most closely related to
A
Eukarya
6
Q
What is found in nearly every environment on earth?
A
Bacteria
7
Q
What are found in the most extreme place where other life cannot survive?
A
Archaea
8
Q
How do prokaryotes reproduce?
A
Binary fission
9
Q
Does binary fission result in genetic diversity?
A
No
10
Q
Take up extracellular DNA spontaneously
A
Transformation
11
Q
DNA is transferred by a bacterial virus
A
Transduction
12
Q
Transfer of DNA via cytoplasmic bridge
A
Conjugation
13
Q
What provides shape, structural support and protection?
A
Cell wall
14
Q
Prokaryotes: Unicellular or Multicellular?
A
unicellular
15
Q
Do prokaryotes have a cell wall?
A
yes
16
Q
Do animals have a cell wall?
A
no
17
Q
Stores genetic information
A
nucleus
18
Q
site of photosynthesis
A
chloroplasts
19
Q
scaffold/monorail (eukaryotic cells)
A
cytoskeleton
20
Q
site of cellular respiration
A
mitochondria
21
Q
thin layer forms the outer boundary of a living cell
A
membrane
22
Q
What are the main functions of membranes in cells?
A
regulate, divide, and act as surfaces
23
Q
All ancestral prokaryotes were… (aerobic or anaerobic)
A
anaerobic
24
Q
anaerobic
A
metabolism in the absence of oxygen
25
aerobic
metabolism that requires oxygen
26
Who gains energy and carbon from consuming plants/animals
Humans/animals
27
Photoautotrophs use ____ for energy and ____ for carbon
light, carbon dioxide
28
Photoheterotrophs use ___ for energy and ____ for carbon
light, organic compounds
29
Chemolithotrophs use ___ for energy and ___ for carbon
inorganic compounds, carbon dioxide
30
What is unicellular, eukaryotes, paraphyletic, motile, AND diverse?
Protists
31
paraphyletic
common ancestor, not all descendants
32
How does a parasite increase its transmission?
changing the behavior of the host
33
Half of all species are...
Parasites
34
Well adapted to attack one or two species
specialists
35
genetic change in one species in response to change in another
coevolution
36
host and parasite speciate (specialize)
co-speciation
37
38
What do microparasites usually infect?
cells
39
Where are macroparasites usually found?
external or in the gut
40
Direct transmission
direct contact between hosts
41
Indirect transmission
NO direct contact between hosts
42
Vector
requires another organism or object
43
Direct methods of disease transmission
P-2-P, Droplet, Fecal-oral, Airborne, fomites, insect bites
44
Parasites may manipulate host _____ to increase transmission
reproduction
45
Indirect methods of disease transmission
Vector (often ectoparasites), intermediate hosts
46
An intermediate host houses the parasite for ___ of its life cycle
part
47
What host does parasitic reproduction occur in?
definitive host
48
Transmitted directly from parent to offspring
pathogen needs to get into host egg
49
Transmitted between individuals
pathogen needs to get off host "island" to get to next host
50
What is virulence in simple terms?
how sick the host gets, severity of disease
51
Particles composed of two compartments, no metabolism, not made up of cells, DO NOT reproduce on their own, dormant when circulating around a population
virus
52
Harvest sunlight and capture CO2
photosynthesis
53
Xylem
pulls water up from roots
54
Phloem
cycles sugar to the rest of the plant
55
Major components of a plant: Helps in reproduction
flower
56
MC: performs photosynthesis
leaf
57
MC: protects the seeds
Fruit
58
MC: supports the plant
stem
59
MC: absorbs water and minerals
root
60
Stem Functions:
Mechanical support, transport water, photosynthesize, store materials
61
Soft, green, flexible stem (die toward the ground)
Herbaceous
62
Hard secondary growth
Woody
63
Root functions
Anchor, absorb, produce
64
Straight, tapers, grows vertically downward
tap root
65
Mass of many roots
Fibrous root
66
roots in usual places
adventitious roots
67
what are the jobs of the flower
protect sexual organs, produce fruit, attract pollinators
68
What are the fruits functions?
enclose, nourish, disperse
69
Main plant cell structures
cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts
70
what is the main component of the cell wall?
cellulose
71
three membranes of chlorplasts
outer, inner, thylakoid
72
respiration
converts chemical energy stored in sugars into energy stored
73
All land plants developed from an ___.
embryo
74
Mature reproductive or sex cell that contain a haploid number of chromosomes
Gametes
75
land plants once evolved from...
green alga
76
First land plants were non-vascular which means...
no xylem and no phloem
77
Vascular plants
No seeds
78
What has no vascular tissues and requires water?
Mosses
79
Ferns
produce spores
80
Gymnosperms
produce seeds
81
angiosperms
produce flowers
82
Zygote
fertilized egg or embryo
83
gamete
a ahploid reproductive cell or sex cell
84
Spore
haploid, can fuse with another cell to form a diploid cell
85
Gametophyte
haploid, produces gametes
86
Sporophyte
diploid, produce spores
87
Primary challenges to life on land
1. obtaining resources, 2. maintaining moisture, 3. staying upright, 4. Reproduction
88
what kind of environment did early land plants require?
mesic/wet
89
What do guard cells do?
regulate water loss from stomata
90
How do some plants that produce no seeds reproduce?
produce spores for gametophyte growth
91
What do vascular tissues do?
cycle water, nutrients and sugar
92
What is a lignified xylem?
woody tissue in stems and roots
93
What are the life cycles of plants?
Embryo, Gamete protection, coordination
94
All land plants have protected multicellular structures that produce...
gametes and spores
95
What is the most obvious life stage?
Diploid stage
96
Produce two cells identical to mother cell
Mitosis
97
Produce daughter cells (genetic mixing of chromosomes?
Meiosis
98
What are the two major life cycles in plants?
Diploid and haploid
99
What processes result in diploid or haploid forms?
fertilization and meiosis
100
Taller, upright sporophyte can...
disperse more spore
101
what is the function of a gametophyte
produce gametes
102
diploid cells are...
more protected from mutation
103
What is plant nutrition based on?
sunlight and nutrients in water soil and air
104
Is photosynthesis considered mineral or non-mineral nutrition?
non-mineral nutrition
105
How does nutrients in cells disperse
plasmodesmata - passive transport
106
What does the xylem do?
moves water and nutrients against gravity from roots to stem
107
What is the criteria of essential nutrients?
needed for normal development, cannot substitute, inside the plant
108
What are mobile elements?
can be translocated to younger tissues
109
What does the deficiency of nitrogen look like? Mobile?
chlorosis (yellowing), yes
110
What does the deficiency of Phosphorus look like? Mobile?
dark green leaves, purple pigmentation, yes
111
What does the deficiency of potassium look like? mobile?
marginal chlorosis, yes
112
What does the deficiency of magnesium look like? Mobile?
inter-veinal chlorosis, yes
113
What does the deficiency of calcium look like? mobile?
Necrosis, no
114
What does the deficiency of iron look like? mobile?
inter-veinal chlorosis, no
114
Extreme pH ____ the availability of most nutrients
decreases
114
What is chemical composition of a plant?
hydrogen ion released from plant
114
What effects soil texture?
physical weathering, adhesion and cohesion holds remaining water
115
Exchangeable cations can only be displaced by other cations...
of the same charge and number
116
What is the optimal (neutral) pH?
6.5
117
The pH in low rainfall areas is...
high - mineral build up
118
The pH in high rainfall areas is...
low - minerals leach
119
Fungi are more closely related to ____ than to plants
animals
120
All fungi...
have chitin, heterotrophs, absorb
121
Mutualistic fungi...
give and receive nutrients
122
Parasitic fungi...
absorb nutrients
123
Both fungi and animals are...
heterotrophs
124
animals ___ their food, fungi _____ their food
eat, live in
125
Plants are ____, Fungi are ____
photoautotrophic, chemoheterotrophic
126
Fungi use ___ instead of cellulose
Chitin
127
Morphology of fungi
unicellular
128
what is the job of the Hyphae?
absorbing nutrients
129
what does the mycelium do?
absorption, structure, and decomposition
130
What part of fungi produces spores?
fruiting body
131
Asexual reproduction of fungi
haploid spores produce haploid hyphae
132
Sexual reproduction of fungi
fusion of haploid hyphae
133
What is a dikaryon?
a cell with two genetically different haploid nuclei
134
Fusion of the cytoplasm is called
plasmogamy
135
Fusion of the nuclei is called
karyogamy
136
Fungi have ____ NOT sexes
mating types
137
How are fungal spores disperse?
wind, water, animals, physical
138
What fungus was the first to establish in harsh environments and are sensitive to toxic compounds?
Lichens
139
