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Ecology > diversity of life > Flashcards

diversity of life Flashcards

1
Q

How long were prokaryotes alone on Earth?

A

2 billion years

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2
Q

The most numerous and metabolically diverse organisms are…

A

prokaryotes

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3
Q

What prokaryote produced oxygen as a waste product?

A

cyanobacteria

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4
Q

aerobic vs anaerobic: which is more efficient?

A

aerobic

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5
Q

Archaea are most closely related to

A

Eukarya

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6
Q

What is found in nearly every environment on earth?

A

Bacteria

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7
Q

What are found in the most extreme place where other life cannot survive?

A

Archaea

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8
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

Binary fission

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9
Q

Does binary fission result in genetic diversity?

A

No

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10
Q

Take up extracellular DNA spontaneously

A

Transformation

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11
Q

DNA is transferred by a bacterial virus

A

Transduction

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12
Q

Transfer of DNA via cytoplasmic bridge

A

Conjugation

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13
Q

What provides shape, structural support and protection?

A

Cell wall

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14
Q

Prokaryotes: Unicellular or Multicellular?

A

unicellular

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15
Q

Do prokaryotes have a cell wall?

A

yes

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16
Q

Do animals have a cell wall?

A

no

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17
Q

Stores genetic information

A

nucleus

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18
Q

site of photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

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19
Q

scaffold/monorail (eukaryotic cells)

A

cytoskeleton

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20
Q

site of cellular respiration

A

mitochondria

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21
Q

thin layer forms the outer boundary of a living cell

A

membrane

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22
Q

What are the main functions of membranes in cells?

A

regulate, divide, and act as surfaces

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23
Q

All ancestral prokaryotes were… (aerobic or anaerobic)

A

anaerobic

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24
Q

anaerobic

A

metabolism in the absence of oxygen

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25
Q

aerobic

A

metabolism that requires oxygen

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26
Q

Who gains energy and carbon from consuming plants/animals

A

Humans/animals

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27
Q

Photoautotrophs use ____ for energy and ____ for carbon

A

light, carbon dioxide

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28
Q

Photoheterotrophs use ___ for energy and ____ for carbon

A

light, organic compounds

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29
Q

Chemolithotrophs use ___ for energy and ___ for carbon

A

inorganic compounds, carbon dioxide

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30
Q

What is unicellular, eukaryotes, paraphyletic, motile, AND diverse?

A

Protists

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31
Q

paraphyletic

A

common ancestor, not all descendants

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32
Q

How does a parasite increase its transmission?

A

changing the behavior of the host

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33
Q

Half of all species are…

A

Parasites

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34
Q

Well adapted to attack one or two species

A

specialists

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35
Q

genetic change in one species in response to change in another

A

coevolution

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36
Q

host and parasite speciate (specialize)

A

co-speciation

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37
Q
A
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38
Q

What do microparasites usually infect?

A

cells

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39
Q

Where are macroparasites usually found?

A

external or in the gut

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40
Q

Direct transmission

A

direct contact between hosts

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41
Q

Indirect transmission

A

NO direct contact between hosts

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42
Q

Vector

A

requires another organism or object

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43
Q

Direct methods of disease transmission

A

P-2-P, Droplet, Fecal-oral, Airborne, fomites, insect bites

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44
Q

Parasites may manipulate host _____ to increase transmission

A

reproduction

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45
Q

Indirect methods of disease transmission

A

Vector (often ectoparasites), intermediate hosts

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46
Q

An intermediate host houses the parasite for ___ of its life cycle

A

part

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47
Q

What host does parasitic reproduction occur in?

A

definitive host

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48
Q

Transmitted directly from parent to offspring

A

pathogen needs to get into host egg

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49
Q

Transmitted between individuals

A

pathogen needs to get off host “island” to get to next host

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50
Q

What is virulence in simple terms?

A

how sick the host gets, severity of disease

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51
Q

Particles composed of two compartments, no metabolism, not made up of cells, DO NOT reproduce on their own, dormant when circulating around a population

A

virus

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52
Q

Harvest sunlight and capture CO2

A

photosynthesis

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53
Q

Xylem

A

pulls water up from roots

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54
Q

Phloem

A

cycles sugar to the rest of the plant

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55
Q

Major components of a plant: Helps in reproduction

A

flower

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56
Q

MC: performs photosynthesis

A

leaf

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57
Q

MC: protects the seeds

A

Fruit

58
Q

MC: supports the plant

A

stem

59
Q

MC: absorbs water and minerals

A

root

60
Q

Stem Functions:

A

Mechanical support, transport water, photosynthesize, store materials

61
Q

Soft, green, flexible stem (die toward the ground)

A

Herbaceous

62
Q

Hard secondary growth

A

Woody

63
Q

Root functions

A

Anchor, absorb, produce

64
Q

Straight, tapers, grows vertically downward

A

tap root

65
Q

Mass of many roots

A

Fibrous root

66
Q

roots in usual places

A

adventitious roots

67
Q

what are the jobs of the flower

A

protect sexual organs, produce fruit, attract pollinators

68
Q

What are the fruits functions?

A

enclose, nourish, disperse

69
Q

Main plant cell structures

A

cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts

70
Q

what is the main component of the cell wall?

A

cellulose

71
Q

three membranes of chlorplasts

A

outer, inner, thylakoid

72
Q

respiration

A

converts chemical energy stored in sugars into energy stored

73
Q

All land plants developed from an ___.

A

embryo

74
Q

Mature reproductive or sex cell that contain a haploid number of chromosomes

A

Gametes

75
Q

land plants once evolved from…

A

green alga

76
Q

First land plants were non-vascular which means…

A

no xylem and no phloem

77
Q

Vascular plants

A

No seeds

78
Q

What has no vascular tissues and requires water?

A

Mosses

79
Q

Ferns

A

produce spores

80
Q

Gymnosperms

A

produce seeds

81
Q

angiosperms

A

produce flowers

82
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg or embryo

83
Q

gamete

A

a ahploid reproductive cell or sex cell

84
Q

Spore

A

haploid, can fuse with another cell to form a diploid cell

85
Q

Gametophyte

A

haploid, produces gametes

86
Q

Sporophyte

A

diploid, produce spores

87
Q

Primary challenges to life on land

A
  1. obtaining resources, 2. maintaining moisture, 3. staying upright, 4. Reproduction
88
Q

what kind of environment did early land plants require?

A

mesic/wet

89
Q

What do guard cells do?

A

regulate water loss from stomata

90
Q

How do some plants that produce no seeds reproduce?

A

produce spores for gametophyte growth

91
Q

What do vascular tissues do?

A

cycle water, nutrients and sugar

92
Q

What is a lignified xylem?

A

woody tissue in stems and roots

93
Q

What are the life cycles of plants?

A

Embryo, Gamete protection, coordination

94
Q

All land plants have protected multicellular structures that produce…

A

gametes and spores

95
Q

What is the most obvious life stage?

A

Diploid stage

96
Q

Produce two cells identical to mother cell

A

Mitosis

97
Q

Produce daughter cells (genetic mixing of chromosomes?

A

Meiosis

98
Q

What are the two major life cycles in plants?

A

Diploid and haploid

99
Q

What processes result in diploid or haploid forms?

A

fertilization and meiosis

100
Q

Taller, upright sporophyte can…

A

disperse more spore

101
Q

what is the function of a gametophyte

A

produce gametes

102
Q

diploid cells are…

A

more protected from mutation

103
Q

What is plant nutrition based on?

A

sunlight and nutrients in water soil and air

104
Q

Is photosynthesis considered mineral or non-mineral nutrition?

A

non-mineral nutrition

105
Q

How does nutrients in cells disperse

A

plasmodesmata - passive transport

106
Q

What does the xylem do?

A

moves water and nutrients against gravity from roots to stem

107
Q

What is the criteria of essential nutrients?

A

needed for normal development, cannot substitute, inside the plant

108
Q

What are mobile elements?

A

can be translocated to younger tissues

109
Q

What does the deficiency of nitrogen look like? Mobile?

A

chlorosis (yellowing), yes

110
Q

What does the deficiency of Phosphorus look like? Mobile?

A

dark green leaves, purple pigmentation, yes

111
Q

What does the deficiency of potassium look like? mobile?

A

marginal chlorosis, yes

112
Q

What does the deficiency of magnesium look like? Mobile?

A

inter-veinal chlorosis, yes

113
Q

What does the deficiency of calcium look like? mobile?

A

Necrosis, no

114
Q

What does the deficiency of iron look like? mobile?

A

inter-veinal chlorosis, no

114
Q

Extreme pH ____ the availability of most nutrients

A

decreases

114
Q

What is chemical composition of a plant?

A

hydrogen ion released from plant

114
Q

What effects soil texture?

A

physical weathering, adhesion and cohesion holds remaining water

115
Q

Exchangeable cations can only be displaced by other cations…

A

of the same charge and number

116
Q

What is the optimal (neutral) pH?

A

6.5

117
Q

The pH in low rainfall areas is…

A

high - mineral build up

118
Q

The pH in high rainfall areas is…

A

low - minerals leach

119
Q

Fungi are more closely related to ____ than to plants

A

animals

120
Q

All fungi…

A

have chitin, heterotrophs, absorb

121
Q

Mutualistic fungi…

A

give and receive nutrients

122
Q

Parasitic fungi…

A

absorb nutrients

123
Q

Both fungi and animals are…

A

heterotrophs

124
Q

animals ___ their food, fungi _____ their food

A

eat, live in

125
Q

Plants are ____, Fungi are ____

A

photoautotrophic, chemoheterotrophic

126
Q

Fungi use ___ instead of cellulose

A

Chitin

127
Q

Morphology of fungi

A

unicellular

128
Q

what is the job of the Hyphae?

A

absorbing nutrients

129
Q

what does the mycelium do?

A

absorption, structure, and decomposition

130
Q

What part of fungi produces spores?

A

fruiting body

131
Q

Asexual reproduction of fungi

A

haploid spores produce haploid hyphae

132
Q

Sexual reproduction of fungi

A

fusion of haploid hyphae

133
Q

What is a dikaryon?

A

a cell with two genetically different haploid nuclei

134
Q

Fusion of the cytoplasm is called

A

plasmogamy

135
Q

Fusion of the nuclei is called

A

karyogamy

136
Q

Fungi have ____ NOT sexes

A

mating types

137
Q

How are fungal spores disperse?

A

wind, water, animals, physical

138
Q

What fungus was the first to establish in harsh environments and are sensitive to toxic compounds?

A

Lichens

139
Q
A

Ecology (3 decks)

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