Animal Diversity Flashcards
1
Q
What does multicellular mean?
A
Composed of more than one cell
2
Q
What are consumers called?
A
heterotrophic
3
Q
Do animals have cell walls?
A
no
4
Q
What one thing is required to be classified under “animal” at some point in their life cycle?
A
self-propelled movement
5
Q
All animals (except sponges) have ____ and _____
A
Neurons and Muscle Cells
6
Q
What does the extracellular matrix provide?
A
Mechanical protection, structural support
7
Q
How do lophotrochozoans grow?
A
Incrementally by adding to their structural elements
7
Q
How do Ecdysozoans grow?
A
Grow by molting
7
Q
What makes a lophotrochozoan?
A
a set of ciliated tentacles surrounding the mouth
8
Q
What is a Deuterostome?
A
groups that have internal skeletons
9
Q
In PROTOSTOMES, the blastopore gives rise to the…
A
mouth
9
Q
In DEUTEROSTOMES, the blastopore gives rise to the…
A
anus
10
Q
What are Porifera?
A
sponges
11
Q
What is a basal species on a phylogenetic tree?
A
originated near the root
12
Q
How are groups distinguished?
A
embryonic development
13
Q
What is a blastula?
A
animal embryo at early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells
14
Q
What is a gastrula?
A
embyro that forms into hollow cup-shaped structure having three layer cells
15
Q
What is a blastopore?
A
opening of the central cavity of the gastrula
16
Q
What do porocytes do?
A
allows water intake
17
Q
What do choanocytes do?
A
absorb water and food
18
Q
What is the purpose of the extracellular matrix?
A
protection and structure
19
Q
How do porifera reproduce?
A
asexual budding or sexual fertilization
20
Q
Porifera do not have ___ or a _____
A
neurons, nervous system
21
Q
Porifera lack…
A
muscle cells, tissues, symmetry
22
What is radial symmetry?
plant through center in ANY direction will bisect the organism into equal halves
23
Bilateral symmetry creates sides with...
a head
24
Having a head is called...
cephalization
25
What is Cnidaria?
corals, anenomes, jellyfish
26
What is the morphology of cnidaria?
radial symmetry, mouth but no anus, DO NOT have a coelom
27
What is different in Ctenophora (comb jellies) than Cnidaria?
has a mouth AND an anus
28
What is a coelom?
internal body cavity
29
Having no coelom is called ____, having a coelom is called _____.
Acoelomate, Coelomate
30
What is the purpose of the coelom?
cushions organs, make body rigid, organs grow independent
31
What are the two body forms of Cnidaria?
the polyp and the medusa
32
What organelle is exclusive to Cnidaria?
Nematocysts
33
What is the function of the nematocysts?
miniature harpoon: capturing prey, defending territories, protecting against predators - sharp harpoon releases toxin
34
What are polyp-forming cnidarians that live in large colonies and secrete calcium carbonate?
Corals
35
What happens when old polyps die?
new ones build on top
36
dinoflagellates are ___symbiotic ___trophs
endo-, auto-
37
What is the main cause of coral bleaching?
dinoflagellates keep sugar for themselves, corals lost major source of food
38
How do lophotrochozoans grow?
incrementally by adding to their structural elements
39
What are 3 characteristics of platyhelminthes?
lack body cavity, mouth no anus, lack circulatory and respiratory system
40
What are Annelida?
segmented worms
41
Characteristics of Annelida
body & coeolm, mouth and anus is a complete tube, head with brain, closed circulatory system, lack a respiratory system
42
Mollusca is very...
diverse (snails, clams)
43
The first Mollusca morphology adaption is called?
The mantle (sheet of skin that forms shell)
44
The second Mollusca morphology adaptions is called?
The radula (hardened tongue)
45
Mollusca are usually...
grazers
46
What has a gas-filled spiral shell and tentacles around the mouth? (Mollusca)
cephalopods
47
What are Ecdysozoans?
nematoda - roundworms
48
Dioctophyme is a _____, and the largest known human parasite.
Nematode
49
Nematode reproduction is mostly...
sexual
50
High reproductive output known is by...
Nematoda - Ascaris
51
What are the most abundant animals on earth?
Nematoda
52
What are Arthropoda?
appendages with joints, segmented body, exoskeleton
53
What are the three segments of an arthropoda?
1. head 2. thorax 3. abdomen
54
What are the benefits of an exoskeleton?
muscle attachment, protection
55
What are the drawbacks to an exoskeleton?
size limiting, vulnerable at times
56
All Arthropods undergo a ____ process
molting
57
What does molting do?
allows for growth
58
Why are insects successful?
Small size, flight, reproductive potential, metamorphosis
59
What is metamorphosis?
a change in body plan during development (caterpillar to butterfly)
60
What do insects go through metamorphosis?
specialization, feeding and growth in immature stages, dispersal and reproduction in adults
61
What are disadvantages of metamorphosis?
initial lack of mobility, short adult life, times, energy, vulnerable
62
What are the four subphyla of arthropoda?
Crustacea, Hexapod, Myriapod, Chelicerata
63
What are crustacea?
dominant marine arthropods
64
What are the first appendages of CRUSTACEA?
antennae
65
In what subphyla of arthropoda are appendages branched?
crustacea
66
What are hexapods?
classic insects, 3 body section 6 legs
67
What is the first appendage of a HEXAPOD?
antennae
68
What are myriapods?
lots of legs, many segmentsWha
69
What are Chelicerata?
Scorpions, Spiders - most predatory
70
What are the first appendages of Chelicerata?
fangs/pinchers
71
What are Echinodermata?
"spiny skin" sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars
72
What symmetry is represented by Echinodermata adults?
Pentraradial
73
Echinodermata larvae are _____ symmetrical
bilaterally
74
Echinodermata have a system of ____ with a central ring and radial arms
canals
75
What do the canals in Echinodermata do?
circulates water
76
How do echinodermata move?
"tube feet"
77
How do echinodermata feed?
grazing, filter feeders, predacious
78
What are the four defining features of Chordata?
Dorsal hollow nerve cord, Notochord, Post-anal tail, Pharyngeal slits
79
Adult Chordata look like...
sponges, and are sessile
80
Lancelets (chordata) have a ___-like body
fish
81
The notochord ____ early in development in Chordata
disappears
82
The notochord is replaced by the ___ the surrounds the nerve cord.
vertebral column
83
What is the difference between invertebrates and vertebrates?
the Notochord becomes a spine in vertebrates
84
The first group of modern fish lacked ___.
jaws
85
The second group of modern fish lacked ____.
bones
86
The third group of modern fish have ___ skeletons and ____ bladders
bony, swim
87
Amphibians are confined to ___ habitats
moist
88
Where do amphibians reproduce?
in the water, with external fertilization
89
What has life cycles on both land and water?
Amphibians
90
What are reptile characteristics?
scales, lungs, and waterproof egg
91
What unites all mammalia?
hair, mammary glands, ossicles
92
Placental mammals are called...
Eutherians
93
Mammals with a ventral pouch are called...
Marsupials
94
Egg laying mammals are called...
Monotremes
95
What is the physiological basis of a behavior called?
Mechanism
96
What is the role of age and experience in behavior called?
Development
97
What is the adaptive value of a behavior called?
Function
98
What is the history of behavior over time called?
Evolution
99
Match the question: How is the behavior produced?
Mechanism
100
Match the question: How do age/experience influence behavior?
Development
101
Match the question: Why has natural selection favored this behavior?
Function
102
Match the question: What is the evolutionary history of this behavior?
Evolution
103
Any behavior that benefits the recipient at the cost of its donor is what?
Altruism
104
What are some explanations for altruism?
manipulation, reciprocity, and kin selection
105
What are the benefits of instinct?
mistakes are not an options, inflexible behavior
106
What are the benefits of learning?
flexible - different lessons
107
What are the costs of learning?
involves mistake, requires energy and brain resources
108
Living together is considered being
symbiotic
109
Symbiotic relationships usually develop over an ___ period of time
extended
110
What interactions are symbiotic?
mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism
111
INTRAspecific competition is when...
individuals of the same species compete
112
INTERspecific competition is when...
individuals of different species compete
113
Each species has a ___ of tolerable conditions
range
114
What is an animals niche?
the total range of where the animals could live
115
Niches that a species could POTENTIALLY occupy are called...
Fundamental niches
116
Niches that are a subset of the fundamental niche are called...
realized niche
117
What are facultative relationships?
When organisms can survive independently
118
What are obligate relationships?
When organisms rely on each other for survival
119
What are the four functions of mutualism?
Nutrition, Defense, Communication, Dispersion
120
What is antogonism
When one does worse while one does better
121
What is commensalism?
When one does better while one is unaffected
122
What is Amensalism?
When one does worse while the other is unaffected
