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Ecology > Animal Diversity > Flashcards

Animal Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

What does multicellular mean?

A

Composed of more than one cell

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2
Q

What are consumers called?

A

heterotrophic

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3
Q

Do animals have cell walls?

A

no

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4
Q

What one thing is required to be classified under “animal” at some point in their life cycle?

A

self-propelled movement

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5
Q

All animals (except sponges) have ____ and _____

A

Neurons and Muscle Cells

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6
Q

What does the extracellular matrix provide?

A

Mechanical protection, structural support

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7
Q

How do lophotrochozoans grow?

A

Incrementally by adding to their structural elements

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7
Q

How do Ecdysozoans grow?

A

Grow by molting

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7
Q

What makes a lophotrochozoan?

A

a set of ciliated tentacles surrounding the mouth

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8
Q

What is a Deuterostome?

A

groups that have internal skeletons

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9
Q

In PROTOSTOMES, the blastopore gives rise to the…

A

mouth

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9
Q

In DEUTEROSTOMES, the blastopore gives rise to the…

A

anus

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10
Q

What are Porifera?

A

sponges

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11
Q

What is a basal species on a phylogenetic tree?

A

originated near the root

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12
Q

How are groups distinguished?

A

embryonic development

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13
Q

What is a blastula?

A

animal embryo at early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells

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14
Q

What is a gastrula?

A

embyro that forms into hollow cup-shaped structure having three layer cells

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15
Q

What is a blastopore?

A

opening of the central cavity of the gastrula

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16
Q

What do porocytes do?

A

allows water intake

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17
Q

What do choanocytes do?

A

absorb water and food

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the extracellular matrix?

A

protection and structure

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19
Q

How do porifera reproduce?

A

asexual budding or sexual fertilization

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20
Q

Porifera do not have ___ or a _____

A

neurons, nervous system

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21
Q

Porifera lack…

A

muscle cells, tissues, symmetry

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22
Q

What is radial symmetry?

A

plant through center in ANY direction will bisect the organism into equal halves

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23
Q

Bilateral symmetry creates sides with…

A

a head

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24
Q

Having a head is called…

A

cephalization

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25
Q

What is Cnidaria?

A

corals, anenomes, jellyfish

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26
Q

What is the morphology of cnidaria?

A

radial symmetry, mouth but no anus, DO NOT have a coelom

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27
Q

What is different in Ctenophora (comb jellies) than Cnidaria?

A

has a mouth AND an anus

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28
Q

What is a coelom?

A

internal body cavity

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29
Q

Having no coelom is called ____, having a coelom is called _____.

A

Acoelomate, Coelomate

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30
Q

What is the purpose of the coelom?

A

cushions organs, make body rigid, organs grow independent

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31
Q

What are the two body forms of Cnidaria?

A

the polyp and the medusa

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32
Q

What organelle is exclusive to Cnidaria?

A

Nematocysts

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33
Q

What is the function of the nematocysts?

A

miniature harpoon: capturing prey, defending territories, protecting against predators - sharp harpoon releases toxin

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34
Q

What are polyp-forming cnidarians that live in large colonies and secrete calcium carbonate?

A

Corals

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35
Q

What happens when old polyps die?

A

new ones build on top

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36
Q

dinoflagellates are ___symbiotic ___trophs

A

endo-, auto-

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37
Q

What is the main cause of coral bleaching?

A

dinoflagellates keep sugar for themselves, corals lost major source of food

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38
Q

How do lophotrochozoans grow?

A

incrementally by adding to their structural elements

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39
Q

What are 3 characteristics of platyhelminthes?

A

lack body cavity, mouth no anus, lack circulatory and respiratory system

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40
Q

What are Annelida?

A

segmented worms

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41
Q

Characteristics of Annelida

A

body & coeolm, mouth and anus is a complete tube, head with brain, closed circulatory system, lack a respiratory system

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42
Q

Mollusca is very…

A

diverse (snails, clams)

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43
Q

The first Mollusca morphology adaption is called?

A

The mantle (sheet of skin that forms shell)

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44
Q

The second Mollusca morphology adaptions is called?

A

The radula (hardened tongue)

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45
Q

Mollusca are usually…

A

grazers

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46
Q

What has a gas-filled spiral shell and tentacles around the mouth? (Mollusca)

A

cephalopods

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47
Q

What are Ecdysozoans?

A

nematoda - roundworms

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48
Q

Dioctophyme is a _____, and the largest known human parasite.

A

Nematode

49
Q

Nematode reproduction is mostly…

A

sexual

50
Q

High reproductive output known is by…

A

Nematoda - Ascaris

51
Q

What are the most abundant animals on earth?

A

Nematoda

52
Q

What are Arthropoda?

A

appendages with joints, segmented body, exoskeleton

53
Q

What are the three segments of an arthropoda?

A
  1. head 2. thorax 3. abdomen
54
Q

What are the benefits of an exoskeleton?

A

muscle attachment, protection

55
Q

What are the drawbacks to an exoskeleton?

A

size limiting, vulnerable at times

56
Q

All Arthropods undergo a ____ process

A

molting

57
Q

What does molting do?

A

allows for growth

58
Q

Why are insects successful?

A

Small size, flight, reproductive potential, metamorphosis

59
Q

What is metamorphosis?

A

a change in body plan during development (caterpillar to butterfly)

60
Q

What do insects go through metamorphosis?

A

specialization, feeding and growth in immature stages, dispersal and reproduction in adults

61
Q

What are disadvantages of metamorphosis?

A

initial lack of mobility, short adult life, times, energy, vulnerable

62
Q

What are the four subphyla of arthropoda?

A

Crustacea, Hexapod, Myriapod, Chelicerata

63
Q

What are crustacea?

A

dominant marine arthropods

64
Q

What are the first appendages of CRUSTACEA?

A

antennae

65
Q

In what subphyla of arthropoda are appendages branched?

A

crustacea

66
Q

What are hexapods?

A

classic insects, 3 body section 6 legs

67
Q

What is the first appendage of a HEXAPOD?

A

antennae

68
Q

What are myriapods?

A

lots of legs, many segmentsWha

69
Q

What are Chelicerata?

A

Scorpions, Spiders - most predatory

70
Q

What are the first appendages of Chelicerata?

A

fangs/pinchers

71
Q

What are Echinodermata?

A

“spiny skin” sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars

72
Q

What symmetry is represented by Echinodermata adults?

A

Pentraradial

73
Q

Echinodermata larvae are _____ symmetrical

A

bilaterally

74
Q

Echinodermata have a system of ____ with a central ring and radial arms

A

canals

75
Q

What do the canals in Echinodermata do?

A

circulates water

76
Q

How do echinodermata move?

A

“tube feet”

77
Q

How do echinodermata feed?

A

grazing, filter feeders, predacious

78
Q

What are the four defining features of Chordata?

A

Dorsal hollow nerve cord, Notochord, Post-anal tail, Pharyngeal slits

79
Q

Adult Chordata look like…

A

sponges, and are sessile

80
Q

Lancelets (chordata) have a ___-like body

A

fish

81
Q

The notochord ____ early in development in Chordata

A

disappears

82
Q

The notochord is replaced by the ___ the surrounds the nerve cord.

A

vertebral column

83
Q

What is the difference between invertebrates and vertebrates?

A

the Notochord becomes a spine in vertebrates

84
Q

The first group of modern fish lacked ___.

A

jaws

85
Q

The second group of modern fish lacked ____.

A

bones

86
Q

The third group of modern fish have ___ skeletons and ____ bladders

A

bony, swim

87
Q

Amphibians are confined to ___ habitats

A

moist

88
Q

Where do amphibians reproduce?

A

in the water, with external fertilization

89
Q

What has life cycles on both land and water?

A

Amphibians

90
Q

What are reptile characteristics?

A

scales, lungs, and waterproof egg

91
Q

What unites all mammalia?

A

hair, mammary glands, ossicles

92
Q

Placental mammals are called…

A

Eutherians

93
Q

Mammals with a ventral pouch are called…

A

Marsupials

94
Q

Egg laying mammals are called…

A

Monotremes

95
Q

What is the physiological basis of a behavior called?

A

Mechanism

96
Q

What is the role of age and experience in behavior called?

A

Development

97
Q

What is the adaptive value of a behavior called?

A

Function

98
Q

What is the history of behavior over time called?

A

Evolution

99
Q

Match the question: How is the behavior produced?

A

Mechanism

100
Q

Match the question: How do age/experience influence behavior?

A

Development

101
Q

Match the question: Why has natural selection favored this behavior?

A

Function

102
Q

Match the question: What is the evolutionary history of this behavior?

A

Evolution

103
Q

Any behavior that benefits the recipient at the cost of its donor is what?

A

Altruism

104
Q

What are some explanations for altruism?

A

manipulation, reciprocity, and kin selection

105
Q

What are the benefits of instinct?

A

mistakes are not an options, inflexible behavior

106
Q

What are the benefits of learning?

A

flexible - different lessons

107
Q

What are the costs of learning?

A

involves mistake, requires energy and brain resources

108
Q

Living together is considered being

A

symbiotic

109
Q

Symbiotic relationships usually develop over an ___ period of time

A

extended

110
Q

What interactions are symbiotic?

A

mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism

111
Q

INTRAspecific competition is when…

A

individuals of the same species compete

112
Q

INTERspecific competition is when…

A

individuals of different species compete

113
Q

Each species has a ___ of tolerable conditions

A

range

114
Q

What is an animals niche?

A

the total range of where the animals could live

115
Q

Niches that a species could POTENTIALLY occupy are called…

A

Fundamental niches

116
Q

Niches that are a subset of the fundamental niche are called…

A

realized niche

117
Q

What are facultative relationships?

A

When organisms can survive independently

118
Q

What are obligate relationships?

A

When organisms rely on each other for survival

119
Q

What are the four functions of mutualism?

A

Nutrition, Defense, Communication, Dispersion

120
Q

What is antogonism

A

When one does worse while one does better

121
Q

What is commensalism?

A

When one does better while one is unaffected

122
Q

What is Amensalism?

A

When one does worse while the other is unaffected

Ecology (3 decks)

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